在为多汗症指定疗法时,最重要的事情是区分类型(即,原发性或继发性)和区分原发性多汗症的亚类(即手掌、足跖、腋窝或颅面)。对某种多汗症效果不错的治疗策略对于另一种多汗症可能不会成功。多汗症有数种治疗方法,包括局部和全身性药物治疗以及电离子透入、A 型肉毒毒素注射以及手术。一般的建议是,在采用有创治疗之前,先使用药物治疗。
腋窝多汗症
局部用氯化铝是腋窝多汗症的一线疗法,一般是有效的。[4]Solish N, Wang R, Murray CA. Evaluating the patient presenting with hyperhidrosis. Thorac Surg Clin. 2008;18:133-140.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18557587?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Gee S, Yamauchi PS. Nonsurgical management of hyperhidrosis. Thorac Surg Clin. 2008;18:141-155.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18557588?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Solish N, Bertucci V, Dansereau A, et al. A comprehensive approach to the recognition, diagnosis and severity-based treatment of focal hyperhidrosis: recommendations of the Canadian Hyperhidrosis Advisory Committee. Dermatol Surg. 2007;33:908-923.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17661933?tool=bestpractice.com常用制剂包括 20% 的氯化铝乙醇溶液和 6.25% 的四氯化铝溶液。汗液与氯化铝接触时,可能因为生成盐酸而在局部出现刺痛和烧灼感。出现这种情况时,可以局部使用小苏打或氢化可的松软膏。[9]Gee S, Yamauchi PS. Nonsurgical management of hyperhidrosis. Thorac Surg Clin. 2008;18:141-155.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18557588?tool=bestpractice.com
如果氯化铝无法让症状消退,可考虑注射A型肉毒毒素 (BTX-A)。许多国家允许将 BTX-A 用于腋部;每次治疗的效果可持续数月。[9]Gee S, Yamauchi PS. Nonsurgical management of hyperhidrosis. Thorac Surg Clin. 2008;18:141-155.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18557588?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Heckmann M, Ceballos-Baumann AO, Plewig G, et al. Botulinum toxin A for axillary hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating). New Engl J Med. 2001;344:488-493.http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/344/7/488http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11172190?tool=bestpractice.com出汗速率:中等质量的证据表明,对于腋窝多汗症患者,皮内注射 A 型肉毒毒素比安慰剂更有效。[14]Heckmann M, Ceballos-Baumann AO, Plewig G, et al. Botulinum toxin A for axillary hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating). New Engl J Med. 2001;344:488-493.http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/344/7/488http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11172190?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。这种药物可以抑制支配小汗腺的胆碱能交感神经末稍释放乙酰胆碱。注射过程可能有疼痛。不过,局部麻醉剂可能会有所帮助。[9]Gee S, Yamauchi PS. Nonsurgical management of hyperhidrosis. Thorac Surg Clin. 2008;18:141-155.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18557588?tool=bestpractice.com
当患者对 BTX-A 治疗无反应时或不愿意用多次痛苦的注射来换取暂时性的缓解时,接下来应考虑通过刮除或脂肪抽吸术实施局部汗腺切除术。局部汗腺手术(包括切除或不切除表层皮肤的皮下汗腺切除术、抽吸刮除术或腺体电切除或激光切除术)已被证明有效。[15]Skoog T, Thyresson N. Hyperhidrosis of the axillae. A method of surgical treatment. Acta Chir Scand. 1962;124:531-538.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13989093?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Bechara FG, Sand M, Tomi NS, et al. Repeat liposuction-curettage treatment of axillary hyperhidrosis is safe and effective. Br J Dermatol. 2007;157:739-743.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17634083?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Lawrence CM, Lonsdale Eccles AA. Selective sweat gland removal with minimal skin excision in the treatment of axillary hyperhidrosis: a retrospective clinical and histological review of 15 patients. Br J Dermatol. 2006;155:115-118.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16792762?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Bechara FG, Altmeyer P, Sand M, et al. Surgical treatment of axillary hyperhidrosis. Br J Dermatol. 2007;156:398-399.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17223898?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Kim IH, Seo SL, Oh CH. Minimally invasive surgery for axillary osmidrosis: combined operation with CO2 laser and subcutaneous tissue remover. Dermatol Surg. 1999;25:875-879.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10594601?tool=bestpractice.com与胸腔镜交感神经手术相比,局部手术似乎有更好的疗效和患者满意度,且代偿性出汗和味觉性出汗较少。[20]Heidemann E, Licht PB. A comparative study of thoracoscopic sympathicotomy versus local surgical treatment for axillary hyperhidrosis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2013;95:264-268.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23200232?tool=bestpractice.com腋窝手术可能导致伤口愈合不良或瘢痕形成。不同于交感神经切除术,局部手术一般不会带来系统性副作用(如代偿性多汗症)。
如果症状持续,可以考虑内镜胸腔镜交感神经切除术 (ETS)。这是一种微创视频辅助手术。[6]Eisenach JH, Atkinson JL, Fealey RD. Hyperhidrosis: evolving therapies for a well-established phenomenon. Mayo Clin Proc. 2005;80:657-666.http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(11)63098-X/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15887434?tool=bestpractice.com多汗症的具体病情决定交感神经手术的水平位置。例如:对于腋窝多汗症,建议在第 3 (T3) 或第 4 (T4) 胸神经节进行手术。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 在第二、第三和第四肋骨(分别为 R2、R3 和 R4)处可见交感神经链的左上后纵隔胸腔镜视图来自医学博士 Fritz Baumgartner 的个人收藏 [Citation ends].关于更高水平的交感神经切除术是否会导致更大的代偿性出汗问题,还存在一些争议;但选择患者可能远远比这更重要。[21]Baumgartner F, Konecny J. Compensatory hyperhidrosis after sympathectomy: level of resection versus location of hyperhidrosis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;84:1422.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17889025?tool=bestpractice.comT3 或 T4 处的交感神经手术可预期使 80% ~ 90% 的腋窝多汗症患者获益。然而,一些研究表明,腋窝多汗症患者的交感神经切除手术并不是很成功且患者满意度比手汗症患者低。[10]Baumgartner FJ. Surgical approaches and techniques in the management of severe hyperhidrosis. Thorac Surg Clin. 2008;18:167-181.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18557590?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Reisfeld R. One-year follow-up after thoracoscopic sympathectomy for hyperhidrosis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;83:358-359.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17184714?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Rex LO, Drott C, Claes G, et al. The Boras Experience of endoscopic thoracic sympathicotomy for palmar, axillary, facial hyperhidrosis and facial blushing. Eur J Surg Suppl. 1998;580:23-26.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9641381?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Dewey TM, Herbert MA, Hill SL, et al. One-year follow-up after thoracoscopic sympathectomy for hyperhidrosis: outcomes and consequences. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;81:1227-1233.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16564248?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Zacherl J, Huber ER, Imhof M, et al. Long-term results of 630 thoracoscopic sympathicotomies for primary hyperhidrosis: the Vienna experience. Eur J Surg Suppl. 1998; 580:43-46.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9641386?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Dumont P, Denoyer A, Robin P. Long-term results of thoracoscopic sympathectomy for hyperhidrosis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;78:1801-1807.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15511477?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Sugimura H, Spratt EH, Compeau CG, et al. Thoracoscopic sympathetic clipping for hyperhidrosis: long-term results and reversibility. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009;137:1370-1378.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19464450?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Smidfelt K, Drott C. Late results of endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy for hyperhidrosis and facial blushing. Br J Surg. 2011;98:1719-1724.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21928403?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Bell D, Jedynak J, Bell R. Predictors of outcome following endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy. ANZ J Surg. 2014;84:68-72.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23432865?tool=bestpractice.com
如果已知的引发焦虑的情况使患者症状加重,无论同时联合其他任何疗法,均可以考虑根据需要短期口服抗胆碱能药物(如,格隆溴铵、普鲁本辛),虽然抗胆碱能药物的副作用可能会使其用途受到限制。
手汗症
局部氯化铝治疗通常是手汗症的首选治疗方案,但疗效往往弱于其对腋窝多汗症的疗效。[4]Solish N, Wang R, Murray CA. Evaluating the patient presenting with hyperhidrosis. Thorac Surg Clin. 2008;18:133-140.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18557587?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Gee S, Yamauchi PS. Nonsurgical management of hyperhidrosis. Thorac Surg Clin. 2008;18:141-155.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18557588?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Solish N, Bertucci V, Dansereau A, et al. A comprehensive approach to the recognition, diagnosis and severity-based treatment of focal hyperhidrosis: recommendations of the Canadian Hyperhidrosis Advisory Committee. Dermatol Surg. 2007;33:908-923.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17661933?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Moran KT, Brady MP. Surgical management of primary hyperhidrosis. Br J Surg. 1991;78:279-283.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2021839?tool=bestpractice.com[31]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy for primary hyperhidrosis of the upper limb. May 2014. https://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 16 August 2017).https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ipg487
如果患者对手部的局部氯化铝治疗没有反应或无法耐受这种治疗,可使用自来水电离子透入疗法。使用一台电离子透入装置,离子通过电流被导入皮肤组织。该机制极有可能是:离子电流在角质层水平短暂阻断汗管。将抗胆碱能药物或 A 型肉毒毒素添加到电离子透入用的自来水中可能可以提高疗效。[9]Gee S, Yamauchi PS. Nonsurgical management of hyperhidrosis. Thorac Surg Clin. 2008;18:141-155.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18557588?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Dolianitis C, Scarff CE, Kelly J, et al. Iontophoresis with glycopyrrolate for the treatment of palmoplantar hyperhidrosis. Australas J Dermatol. 2004;45:208-212.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15527429?tool=bestpractice.com有可能出现动电电流引起的皮肤刺激。电离子透入疗法禁用于孕妇或装有心脏起搏器及金属植入物的患者。[9]Gee S, Yamauchi PS. Nonsurgical management of hyperhidrosis. Thorac Surg Clin. 2008;18:141-155.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18557588?tool=bestpractice.com
尽管A型肉毒毒素在很多国家仅被批准用于腋窝多汗症的治疗,但它经常被用于未在标签中列出的其他种类的多汗症。[9]Gee S, Yamauchi PS. Nonsurgical management of hyperhidrosis. Thorac Surg Clin. 2008;18:141-155.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18557588?tool=bestpractice.com所以,如果氯化铝疗法或电离子透入疗法无法让症状消退,可考虑注射 A 型肉毒毒素。注射过程可能有疼痛。不过,局部麻醉剂可能会有所帮助。[9]Gee S, Yamauchi PS. Nonsurgical management of hyperhidrosis. Thorac Surg Clin. 2008;18:141-155.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18557588?tool=bestpractice.com注射后可能发生暂时性的手掌内在肌肉麻痹。BTX-A 在疗效和患者满意度方面都不及内镜胸腔镜交感神经切除术 (ETS)。[33]Ambrogi V, Campione E, Mineo D, et al. Bilateral thoracoscopic T2 to T3 sympathectomy versus botulinum injection in palmar hyperhidrosis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;88:238-245.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19559233?tool=bestpractice.com
在其他治疗方案失败的情况下,对于让人无法正常生活的重度局部手掌出汗,ETS 是适当的疗法。通常在两侧同时进行手术,手术在全身麻醉下进行。内镜胸腔镜交感神经切除术通常是一种耗时较短的手术。在让人无法正常生活的手汗症病例中,预期的益处通常大于已知的副作用,可能包括代偿性出汗。[5]Baumgartner FJ, Bertin S, Konecny J. Superiority of thoracoscopic sympathectomy over medical management for the palmoplantar subset of severe hyperhidrosis. Ann Vasc Surg. 2009;23:1-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18619780?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Baumgartner FJ. Surgical approaches and techniques in the management of severe hyperhidrosis. Thorac Surg Clin. 2008;18:167-181.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18557590?tool=bestpractice.com第 2 (T2) 或第 3 (T3) 胸神经节的交感神经手术对超过 95% 的手掌出汗病例有效。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 在第二和第三肋骨(分别为 R2 和 R3)处可见交感神经链的右上后纵隔胸腔镜视图。在 T2 水平进行左右两侧交感神经链离断可治疗手汗症来自医学博士 Fritz Baumgartner 的个人收藏 [Citation ends].
对于患有严重手掌和足跖多汗症(掌跖多汗)的患者,建议使用内镜胸腔镜交感神经切除术治疗。[5]Baumgartner FJ, Bertin S, Konecny J. Superiority of thoracoscopic sympathectomy over medical management for the palmoplantar subset of severe hyperhidrosis. Ann Vasc Surg. 2009;23:1-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18619780?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Baumgartner FJ. Surgical approaches and techniques in the management of severe hyperhidrosis. Thorac Surg Clin. 2008;18:167-181.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18557590?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Baumgartner F. Compensatory hyperhidrosis after thoracoscopic sympathectomy. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;80:1161.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16122529?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Dewey TM, Herbert MA, Hill SL, et al. One-year follow-up after thoracoscopic sympathectomy for hyperhidrosis: outcomes and consequences. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;81:1227-1233.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16564248?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Smidfelt K, Drott C. Late results of endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy for hyperhidrosis and facial blushing. Br J Surg. 2011;98:1719-1724.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21928403?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Moran KT, Brady MP. Surgical management of primary hyperhidrosis. Br J Surg. 1991;78:279-283.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2021839?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Baumgartner FJ, Toh Y. Severe hyperhidrosis: clinical features and current thoracoscopic surgical management. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;76:1878-1883.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14667604?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Cohen Z, Levi I, Pinsk I, et al. Thoracoscopic upper thoracic sympathectomy for primary palmar hyperhidrosis - the combined paediatric, adolescents and adult experience. Eur J Surg Suppl. 1998;580:5-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9641376?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Bogokowsky H, Slutzki S, Bacalu L, et al. Surgical treatment of primary hyperhidrosis. A report of 42 cases. Arch Surg. 1983;118:1065-1067.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6615216?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Adar R, Kurchin A, Zweig A, et al. Palmar hyperhidrosis and its surgical treatment: a report of 100 cases. Ann Surg. 1977;186:34-41.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=879872http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/879872?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Reisfeld R, Berliner KI. Evidence-based review of the nonsurgical management of hyperhidrosis. Thorac Surg Clin. 2008;18:157-166.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18557589?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Cerfolio RJ, De Campos JR, Bryant AS, et al. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons expert consensus for the surgical treatment of hyperhidrosis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2011;91:1642-1648.http://www.sts.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/expertconsensus/Surgical_Treatment_of_Hyperhidrosis.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21524489?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Baumgartner FJ, Reyes M, Sarkisyan GG, et al. Thoracoscopic sympathicotomy for disabling palmar hyperhidrosis: a prospective randomized comparison between two levels. Ann Thorac Surg. 2011;92:2015-2019.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22115211?tool=bestpractice.com手术可在 T2 或 T3 水平进行,但也有人建议在 T4 水平进行。应选择的最佳水平尚不明确且有争论。与 T3 水平相比,T2 水平的手术在疗效上更具有一致性,重大失败更少。[40]Baumgartner FJ, Reyes M, Sarkisyan GG, et al. Thoracoscopic sympathicotomy for disabling palmar hyperhidrosis: a prospective randomized comparison between two levels. Ann Thorac Surg. 2011;92:2015-2019.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22115211?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Yazbek G, Wolosker N, de Campos JR, et al. Palmar hyperhidrosis. Which is the best level of denervation using video-assisted thoracoscopic sympathectomy: T2 or T3 ganglion? J Vasc Surg. 2005;42:281-285.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16102627?tool=bestpractice.com但和术后代偿性多汗症的发病率增高相关。[39]Cerfolio RJ, De Campos JR, Bryant AS, et al. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons expert consensus for the surgical treatment of hyperhidrosis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2011;91:1642-1648.http://www.sts.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/expertconsensus/Surgical_Treatment_of_Hyperhidrosis.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21524489?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Baumgartner FJ, Reyes M, Sarkisyan GG, et al. Thoracoscopic sympathicotomy for disabling palmar hyperhidrosis: a prospective randomized comparison between two levels. Ann Thorac Surg. 2011;92:2015-2019.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22115211?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Yazbek G, Wolosker N, de Campos JR, et al. Palmar hyperhidrosis. Which is the best level of denervation using video-assisted thoracoscopic sympathectomy: T2 or T3 ganglion? J Vasc Surg. 2005;42:281-285.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16102627?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Lyra R de M, Campos JR, Kang DW, et al. Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Toracica. Guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of compensatory hyperhidrosis. J Bras Pneumol. 2008;34:967-977.http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1806-37132008001100013&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=enhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19099105?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Yazbek G, Wolosker N, Kauffman P, et al. Twenty months of evolution following sympathectomy on patients with palmar hyperhidrosis: sympathectomy at the T3 level is better than at the T2 level. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2009;64:743-749.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2728186/pdf/cln64_8p743.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19690657?tool=bestpractice.com然而,据报告,一些接受 T2 水平手术的患者长期结果良好,严重代偿性多汗症比例相当低 (1.3%)。[44]Atkinson JL, Fode-Thomas NC, Fealey RD, et al. Endoscopic transthoracic limited sympathotomy for palmar-plantar hyperhidrosis: outcomes and complications during a 10-year period. Mayo Clin Proc. 2011;86:721-729.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3146372/pdf/mayoclinproc_86_8_004.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21803954?tool=bestpractice.com在超过 95% 的病例中实现了手掌多汗的成功治疗。[43]Yazbek G, Wolosker N, Kauffman P, et al. Twenty months of evolution following sympathectomy on patients with palmar hyperhidrosis: sympathectomy at the T3 level is better than at the T2 level. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2009;64:743-749.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2728186/pdf/cln64_8p743.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19690657?tool=bestpractice.com约 80% 的足跖多汗症病例在短期内得到改善,但效果没有手掌出汗病例明显,且疗效随时间的增加而降低。
因为中度或重度代偿性多汗症的发病率较高,一些人建议完全避免 T2 手术,但也有其他人报告在 T2 水平获得良好结果。[40]Baumgartner FJ, Reyes M, Sarkisyan GG, et al. Thoracoscopic sympathicotomy for disabling palmar hyperhidrosis: a prospective randomized comparison between two levels. Ann Thorac Surg. 2011;92:2015-2019.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22115211?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Atkinson JL, Fode-Thomas NC, Fealey RD, et al. Endoscopic transthoracic limited sympathotomy for palmar-plantar hyperhidrosis: outcomes and complications during a 10-year period. Mayo Clin Proc. 2011;86:721-729.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3146372/pdf/mayoclinproc_86_8_004.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21803954?tool=bestpractice.com有人甚至建议,对掌跖多汗的交感神经干预水平应低于 T3(即,第四或第五肋骨水平处),但作者承认这会导致“湿润手”。[39]Cerfolio RJ, De Campos JR, Bryant AS, et al. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons expert consensus for the surgical treatment of hyperhidrosis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2011;91:1642-1648.http://www.sts.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/expertconsensus/Surgical_Treatment_of_Hyperhidrosis.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21524489?tool=bestpractice.com有人提出,要在代偿性出汗方面让患者满意,正确选择患者远比交感神经切除术的水平重要。[11]Baumgartner F. Compensatory hyperhidrosis after thoracoscopic sympathectomy. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;80:1161.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16122529?tool=bestpractice.com
一些外科医生进行交通支而非交感神经/神经节干预以限制代偿性出汗的严重程度。然而,交通支干预后复发性出汗的发病率似乎更高。[45]Hwang JJ, Kim DH, Hong YJ, et al. A comparison between two types of limited sympathetic surgery for palmar hyperhidrosis. Surg Today. 2013;43:397-402.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00595-012-0246-1/fulltext.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22798011?tool=bestpractice.com胸腔镜交感神经干预对年轻患者(甚至包括十岁出头的患者)是安全和有效的,且已证明相对于非手术群组可显著改善长期生活质量。[46]Neves S, Uchoa PC, Wolosker N, et al. Long-term comparison of video-assisted thoracic sympathectomy and clinical observation for the treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis in children younger than 14. Pediatr Dermatol. 2012;29:575-579.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22486301?tool=bestpractice.com
如果已知的引发焦虑的情况使患者症状加重,无论同时联合其他任何疗法,均可以考虑根据需要短期口服抗胆碱能药物(如,格隆溴铵、普鲁本辛),虽然抗胆碱能药物的副作用可能会使其用途受到限制。
足跖多汗症
局部足底出汗的治疗主要依靠药物。
最初的处理包含通过使用足部吸水粉末和鞋垫并勤换鞋袜来尽可能保持足部干燥。
当这些方法无效时,下一个选择是局部氯化铝治疗,其后是电离子透入疗法。局部氯化铝治疗对于局部足跖多汗症的疗效往往不如局部腋窝多汗症。[30]Moran KT, Brady MP. Surgical management of primary hyperhidrosis. Br J Surg. 1991;78:279-283.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2021839?tool=bestpractice.com
尽管A型肉毒毒素在很多国家仅被批准用于腋窝多汗症的治疗,但它经常被用于未在标签中列出的其他种类的多汗症。[9]Gee S, Yamauchi PS. Nonsurgical management of hyperhidrosis. Thorac Surg Clin. 2008;18:141-155.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18557588?tool=bestpractice.com然而,患者对注射治疗的耐受性不佳,因为足底比身体其他部位更敏感。
不鼓励进行腰椎交感神经切除术,这种方法也不太常用,原因是存在自主神经副作用。
头面多汗症
药物治疗包括局部氯化铝和 A 型肉毒毒素注射,但由于面部结构的原因,应用可能比较困难,而且结果不尽如人意。除此之外,注射过程可能有疼痛。尽管A型肉毒毒素在很多国家仅被批准用于腋窝多汗症的治疗,但它经常被用于未在标签中列出的其他种类的多汗症。[9]Gee S, Yamauchi PS. Nonsurgical management of hyperhidrosis. Thorac Surg Clin. 2008;18:141-155.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18557588?tool=bestpractice.com
内镜胸腔镜交感神经切除术对局部头面多汗症有效,虽然与手汗症相比,患者不满意度和对代偿性出汗抱怨更多。[10]Baumgartner FJ. Surgical approaches and techniques in the management of severe hyperhidrosis. Thorac Surg Clin. 2008;18:167-181.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18557590?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Reisfeld R. One-year follow-up after thoracoscopic sympathectomy for hyperhidrosis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;83:358-359.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17184714?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Rex LO, Drott C, Claes G, et al. The Boras Experience of endoscopic thoracic sympathicotomy for palmar, axillary, facial hyperhidrosis and facial blushing. Eur J Surg Suppl. 1998;580:23-26.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9641381?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Dewey TM, Herbert MA, Hill SL, et al. One-year follow-up after thoracoscopic sympathectomy for hyperhidrosis: outcomes and consequences. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;81:1227-1233.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16564248?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Dumont P, Denoyer A, Robin P. Long-term results of thoracoscopic sympathectomy for hyperhidrosis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;78:1801-1807.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15511477?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Zacherl J, Huber ER, Imhof M, et al. Long-term results of 630 thoracoscopic sympathicotomies for primary hyperhidrosis: the Vienna experience. Eur J Surg Suppl. 1998; 580:43-46.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9641386?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Sugimura H, Spratt EH, Compeau CG, et al. Thoracoscopic sympathetic clipping for hyperhidrosis: long-term results and reversibility. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009;137:1370-1378.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19464450?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Smidfelt K, Drott C. Late results of endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy for hyperhidrosis and facial blushing. Br J Surg. 2011;98:1719-1724.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21928403?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Bell D, Jedynak J, Bell R. Predictors of outcome following endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy. ANZ J Surg. 2014;84:68-72.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23432865?tool=bestpractice.com在头面多汗症让人无法正常生活的情况下,T2 水平的交感神经手术会让大多数患者显著受益。尽管如此,必须极为慎重地考虑头面多汗症的治疗,因为副作用有可能会非常严重。
如果已知的引发焦虑的情况让患者症状加重,无论同时合用其他任何疗法,均可以考虑根据需要服用短期口服抗胆碱能药物(如,格隆溴铵、普鲁本辛),但抗胆碱能药物的副作用可能会使其用途受到限制。局部甘罗溴铵(格隆溴铵)已成功应用于头面多汗症,但在有些国家尚未获得批准。[47]Luh JY, Blackwell TA. Craniofacial hyperhidrosis successfully treated with topical glycopyrrolate. South Med J. 2002;95:756-758.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12144084?tool=bestpractice.com
继发性多汗症
这种类型的多汗症是一种基础病变的表现,必须治疗原发性病因。例如,局灶性出汗的可能原因包括急性脊髓损伤、大脑或延髓梗死或其他神经损伤(如创伤后血管舒缩营养不良),而面部味觉出汗的可能原因包括 Frey 综合征。范围更广的出汗可能是由内分泌、肿瘤、感染、药物和毒理学相关问题引起;根据病史和体格检查,可能需要进行其他试验。如果完成对基础疾病的治疗后症状仍然持续,口服抗胆碱能药物以减少出汗可能是合适的,但副作用可能会使其用途受到限制。