控制症状
治疗计划需注重相对休息及改变活动方式(即低水平活动,特别是会产生压力的活动)。急性期可用冰敷或其他方式冷敷以缓解症状,一次10-15分钟,每日2-3次。通常不建议热敷。[23]Dixit S, DiFiori JP, Burton M, et al. Management of patellofemoral pain syndrome. Am Fam Physician. 2007;75:194-202.http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/0115/p194.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17263214?tool=bestpractice.com目前支持NSAID类药物短期内可缓解疼痛的证据仍有限。疼痛缓解:目前有低质量的证据支持在缓解髌股关节疼痛方面萘普生比安慰剂更有效。然而有研究发现NSAID与安慰剂在缓解疼痛方面无显著差异。[50]Suter E, Herzog W, De Souza K, et al. Inhibition of the quadriceps muscles in patients with anterior knee pain. J Appl Biomech. 1998;14:360-373.[51]Bentley G, Leslie IJ, Fischer D. Effect of aspirin treatment on chondromalacia patellae. Ann Rheum Dis. 1981;40:37-41.http://ard.bmj.com/content/40/1/37.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7008711?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Marchese A, Cherubini M, Forte R. Laser therapy versus pharmacological in anterior knee pain. La Riabilitazione. 1998;31:189-198.低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
对于因疼痛无法进行肌力训练的患者,用McConnell带技术矫正异常髌骨姿势可以恢复髌骨与滑车的对位对线(或某种程度上减少髌股关节的接触压力)。[53]Derasari A, Brindle TJ, Alter KE, Sheehan FT. McConnell taping shifts the patella inferiorly in patients with patellofemoral pain: a dynamic magnetic resonance imaging study. Phys Ther. 2010;90:411-419.https://academic.oup.com/ptj/article-lookup/doi/10.2522/ptj.20080365http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20110340?tool=bestpractice.com尽管目前关于髌骨带临床有效性的临床试验证据不足,且质量偏低,但髌骨带可以减轻症状,增加股四头肌活动,允许膝关节应力增加,仍须行进一步临床试验评估其长期疗效。[54]Callaghan MJ, Selfe J. Patellar taping for patellofemoral pain syndrome in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(4):CD006717.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006717.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22513943?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Powers CM. Rehabilitation of patellofemoral joint disorders: a critical review. J Ortho Sports Phys Ther. 1998;28:345-354.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9809282?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Aminaka N, Gribble PA. A systematic review of the effects of therapeutic taping on patellofemoral pain syndrome. J Athl Train. 2005;40:341-351.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1323297/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16404457?tool=bestpractice.com除单独应用物理治疗以外,结合使用髌骨带是否为有效的治疗方式,目前尚无足够质量的证据确定这一点。[57]Collins NJ, Bisset LM, Crossley KM, et al. Efficacy of nonsurgical interventions for anterior knee pain: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Sports Med. 2012;42:31-49.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22149696?tool=bestpractice.com疼痛缓解:有低质量的证据证明髌骨带结合锻炼比单独锻炼更有效。然而有研究认为两者无差别。[58]Whittingham M, Palmer S, Macmillan F. Effects of taping on pain and function in patellofemoral pain syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2004;34:504-510.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15493518?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Kowall MG, Kolk G, Nuber GW, et al. Patellar taping in the treatment of patellofemoral pain: a prospective randomized study. Am J Sports Med. 1996;24:61-66.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8638755?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Clark DI, Downing N, Mitchell J, et al. Physiotherapy for anterior knee pain: a randomised controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2000;59:700-704.http://ard.bmj.com/content/59/9/700.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10976083?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
若佩戴适宜的动力髌骨稳定支具,患者或可减轻疼痛。运动成像研究显示膝关节支具可在减轻髌骨轨迹异常方面起到机械性作用。[61]Draper CE, Besier TF, Santos JM, et al. Using real-time MRI to quantify altered joint kinematics in subjects with patellofemoral pain and to evaluate the effects of a patellar brace or sleeve on joint motion. J Orthop Res. 2009;27:571-577.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jor.20790/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18985690?tool=bestpractice.com症状改善也许是因为接触面积增加(通过挤压),通过更大面积分散关节应力,减轻关节压力。[62]Powers CM, Shellock FG, Beering TV, et al. Effect of bracing on patellar kinematics in patients with patellofemoral joint pain. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;31:1714-1720.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10613420?tool=bestpractice.com髌股支具的有效性目前仍存争议,但支具可作为长期的治疗方式使用。一小部分患者,如髌股显著移位的患者,对支具治疗的反应性良好。[63]Timm KE. Randomized controlled trial of Protonics on patellar pain, position, and function. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30:665-670.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9588606?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Miller MD, Hinkin DT, Wisnowski JW. The efficacy of orthotics for anterior knee pain in military trainees: a preliminary report. Am J Knee Surg. 1997;10:10-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9051172?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Lun VM, Wiley JP, Meeuwisse WH, et al. Effectiveness of patellar bracing for treatment of patellofemoral pain syndrome. Clin J Sport Med. 2005;15:235-240.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16003037?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Swart NM, van Linschoten R, Bierma-Zeinstra SM, et al. The additional effect of orthotic devices on exercise therapy for patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46:570-577.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21402565?tool=bestpractice.com疼痛缓解及关节功能:有中等质量的证据认为髌骨带有助于缓解疼痛,提高关节功能。然而亦有研究认为两者无差别。[63]Timm KE. Randomized controlled trial of Protonics on patellar pain, position, and function. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30:665-670.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9588606?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Miller MD, Hinkin DT, Wisnowski JW. The efficacy of orthotics for anterior knee pain in military trainees: a preliminary report. Am J Knee Surg. 1997;10:10-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9051172?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Lun VM, Wiley JP, Meeuwisse WH, et al. Effectiveness of patellar bracing for treatment of patellofemoral pain syndrome. Clin J Sport Med. 2005;15:235-240.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16003037?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。