该病通常是一种自限性疾病。[2]Kapur N, Kamel IR, Herlich A. Oral and craniofacial pain: diagnosis, pathophysiology and treatment. Int Anesthesiol Clin. 2003;41:115-150.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12872029?tool=bestpractice.com颞下颌关节紊乱综合征的疼痛和弹响很少变得更加严重。[3]LeResche L. Epidemiology of temporomandibular disorders: implications for the investigation of etiologic factors. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 1997;8:291-305.http://cro.sagepub.com/content/8/3/291.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9260045?tool=bestpractice.com颞下颌关节综合征的大多数症状可在无内科治疗或非手术治疗 3 到 6 个月内改善。[16]Royal College of Surgeons (UK). Commissioning guide 2014: Temporomandibular joint disorders. 2014. https://www.rcseng.ac.uk/ (last accessed 14 September 2016).https://www.rcseng.ac.uk/healthcare-bodies/docs/temporomandibular-joint-disorders如果有以下情况,应将患者转诊给专科医生:
患者有炎症性关节病的病史[16]Royal College of Surgeons (UK). Commissioning guide 2014: Temporomandibular joint disorders. 2014. https://www.rcseng.ac.uk/ (last accessed 14 September 2016).https://www.rcseng.ac.uk/healthcare-bodies/docs/temporomandibular-joint-disorders
6 个月后症状无改善[16]Royal College of Surgeons (UK). Commissioning guide 2014: Temporomandibular joint disorders. 2014. https://www.rcseng.ac.uk/ (last accessed 14 September 2016).https://www.rcseng.ac.uk/healthcare-bodies/docs/temporomandibular-joint-disorders
开口困难进行性加重[16]Royal College of Surgeons (UK). Commissioning guide 2014: Temporomandibular joint disorders. 2014. https://www.rcseng.ac.uk/ (last accessed 14 September 2016).https://www.rcseng.ac.uk/healthcare-bodies/docs/temporomandibular-joint-disorders
不能正常饮食[16]Royal College of Surgeons (UK). Commissioning guide 2014: Temporomandibular joint disorders. 2014. https://www.rcseng.ac.uk/ (last accessed 14 September 2016).https://www.rcseng.ac.uk/healthcare-bodies/docs/temporomandibular-joint-disorders
颞下颌关节复发性脱位。[16]Royal College of Surgeons (UK). Commissioning guide 2014: Temporomandibular joint disorders. 2014. https://www.rcseng.ac.uk/ (last accessed 14 September 2016).https://www.rcseng.ac.uk/healthcare-bodies/docs/temporomandibular-joint-disorders
非药物治疗
一旦确诊,应建议患者立即开始使关节得到休息,这样可使咀嚼肌放松并减少下颌骨髁突的运动。指导患者应避免嚼口香糖,咬指甲,或过多讲话。患者应尽量食软食和减轻压力。压力可导致副功能习惯如夜磨牙或紧咬牙。一位作者提议将认知行为疗法作为主要治疗方法。[19]Molin C. From bite to mind: TMD - a personal and literature review. Int J Prosthodont. 1999;12:279-288.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10635197?tool=bestpractice.com在一项随机对照试验中,认知行为疗法在减轻疼痛和运动障碍程度上与咬合板效果相同,但认知行为疗法在改善患者应对疼痛的技巧方面更有效。[20]Shedden Mora MC, Weber D, Neff A, et al. Biofeedback-based cognitive-behavioral treatment compared with occlusal splint for temporomandibular disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Clin J Pain. 2013;29:1057-1065.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23446073?tool=bestpractice.com一篇心理干预治疗颌面部疼痛的系统文献综述表明,这种干预可对长期的疼痛和抑郁有所改善。[21]Aggarwal VR, Lovell K, Peters S, et al. Psychosocial interventions for the management of chronic orofacial pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(11):CD008456.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008456.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22071849?tool=bestpractice.com
理疗可能是有用的。练习包括对着镜子,用舌头抵住上腭,使开闭口的线路为一条直线。
口腔内的装置、夹板、夜间防护装置及合垫经常被使用。一些研究表明,硬的稳定装置比软的稳定装置更有效地缓解关节疼痛。[22]Fricton J, Look JO, Wright E, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials evaluating intraoral orthopedic appliances for temporomandibular disorders. J Orofac Pain. 2010;24:237-254.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20664825?tool=bestpractice.com虽然夹板可能有助于下颌髁突的复位以及减少可能导致颞下颌关节紊乱综合征的口腔习惯,但目前还没有明确的证据证实夹板的效果。关于夹板治疗的系统文献综述表明,夹板在减轻疼痛方面是有效的,但并不能改善咀嚼功能。[23]Ebrahim S, Montoya L, Busse JW, et al. The effectiveness of splint therapy in patients with temporomandibular disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Dent Assoc. 2012;143:847-857.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22855899?tool=bestpractice.com
药物治疗
在进行2周的关节休息后应对患者进行随访。[2]Kapur N, Kamel IR, Herlich A. Oral and craniofacial pain: diagnosis, pathophysiology and treatment. Int Anesthesiol Clin. 2003;41:115-150.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12872029?tool=bestpractice.com如果症状改善不理想,可开始药物治疗并在随后的2周后再次随访。
非甾体抗炎药(NSAIDs)对肌筋膜疼痛无效,因为炎症并不是引起颜面部区域慢性肌肉疼痛的原因。[24]Singer E, Dionne R. A controlled evaluation of ibuprofen and diazepam for chronic orofacial muscle pain. J Orofac Pain. 1997;11:139-146.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10332320?tool=bestpractice.com地西泮由于其肌肉松驰作用可有效治疗疼痛。如有必要,在2周的关节休息后可开始为期10天的疗程。开具地西泮时应注意可能会出现嗜睡和依赖性的副作用。
非甾体抗炎药可有效治疗关节内紊乱和骨关节炎亚型颞下颌关节综合征的症状。
外科治疗
有显著的持续性疼痛、功能丧失、和/或有病理证据的患者可考虑手术治疗。外科治疗术包括关节穿刺,髁突切除术,甚至全颞下颌关节置换术。一篇系统综述表明在术后12个月,与关节穿刺术相比,关节镜可减轻关节疼痛并改善张口度。[25]Rigon M, Pereira LM, Bortoluzzi MC, et al. Arthroscopy for temporomandibular disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(5):CD006385.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006385.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21563153?tool=bestpractice.com同一篇综述发现12个月后的随访表明开放性手术治疗在减轻疼痛方面优于关节镜。[25]Rigon M, Pereira LM, Bortoluzzi MC, et al. Arthroscopy for temporomandibular disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(5):CD006385.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006385.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21563153?tool=bestpractice.com手术适于那些有中度到重度疼痛,有明显的病理学表现以及功能障碍者。