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Miller TM, Layzer RB. Muscle cramps. Muscle Nerve. 2005;32:431-442.

摘要

Schwellnus MP, Drew N, Collins M. Muscle cramping in athletes - risk factors, clinical assessment, and management. Clin Sports Med. 2008;27:183-194.

摘要

Maquirriain J, Merello M. The athlete with muscular cramps: clinical approach. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2007;15:425-431.

摘要

Leung AK, Wong BE, Cho HY, et al. Leg cramps in children. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1997;36:69-73.

摘要

El-Tawil S, Al Musa T, Valli H, et al. Quinine for muscle cramps. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(4):CD005044.

Zhou K, West HM, Zhang J, et al. Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(8):CD010655.

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33. Hantoushzadeh S, Jafarabadi M, Khazardoust S. Serum magnesium levels, muscle cramps, and preterm labor. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2007;98:153-154.

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36. Young GL, Jewell D. Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(1):CD000121.

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39. Ziltener JL, Leal S. Exercise-associated muscle cramps [in French]. Rev Med Suisse. 2006;2:1787-1791.

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40. Maquirriain J, Merello M. The athlete with muscular cramps: clinical approach. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2007;15:425-431.

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41. Hung CY, Chen YL, Chen CS, et al. Association of leptin with hemodialysis-related muscle cramps: a cross-sectional study. Blood Purif. 2009;27:159-164.

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43. Marchesini G, Bianchi G, Amodio P, et al. Factors associated with poor health-related quality of life of patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 2001;120:170-178.

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47. Zimlichman R, Krauss S, Paran E. Muscle cramps induced by beta-blockers with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity properties: a hint of a possible mechanism. Arch Intern Med. 1991;151:1021.

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48. Imai Y, Watanabe N, Hashimoto J, et al. Muscle cramps and elevated serum creatine phosphokinase levels induced by beta-adrenoceptor blockers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1995;48:29-34.

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49. Physicians' desk reference. 65th ed. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics; 2011.

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52. Gentili A, Weiner DK, Kuchibhatil M, et al. Factors that disturb sleep in nursing home residents. Aging (Milano). 1997;9:207-213.

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53. Mosenkis A, Townsend RR. Muscle cramps and diuretic therapy. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2005;7:134-135.

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58. Pasternak RC, Smith SC Jr, Bairey-Merz CN, et al. ACC/AHA/NHLBI clinical advisory on the use and safety of statins. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:567-572.

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61. Riley JD, Antony SJ. Leg cramps: differential diagnosis and management. Am Fam Physician. 1995;52:1794-1798.

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70. Gupta S, Gupta V, Kapoor B, et al. Pyrazinamide induced hyperuricaemia presenting as severe bilateral leg cramps. J Indian Med Assoc. 2007;105:341-342.

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71. Alonso-Navarro H, Jimenez-Jimenez FJ. Myalgia and cramps associated with zolmitriptan. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2005;28:241-242.

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72. Piccoli GB, Vigotti FN, Consiglio V, et al. Quiz page: severe hypocalcemia caused by intravascular calcium phosphate precipitation after sodium phosphate-containing bowel preparation. Am J Kidney Dis. 2010;55:A35-A37.

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73. Greenwood M, Kreider RB, Melton C, et al. Creatine supplementation during college football training does not increase the incidence of cramping or injury. Mol Cell Biochem. 2003;244:83-88.

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78. Roberts HJ. Spontaneous leg cramps and "restless legs" due to diabetogenic hyperinsulinism: observations on 131 patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1965;13:602-638.

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82. Garzoni D, Keusch G, Kleinoeder T, et al. Reduced complications during hemodialysis by automatic blood volume controlled ultrafiltration. Int J Artif Organs. 2007;30:16-24.

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