急性治疗的主要目标是:[50]Lam RW, Levitt AJ, eds. Canadian consensus guidelines for the treatment of seasonal affective disorder. Vancouver, BC: Clinical and Academic Publishing; 1999.http://sad.psychiatry.ubc.ca/resources/clinician-resources/clinical-guidelines-for-the-treatment-of-seasonal-affective-disorder/
治疗方法应考虑:
出现下列情况的患者可能需要转诊至精神病医生或心理健康专家:
大多数 SAD 治疗研究已分析了规定的每天光疗和抗抑郁药物的使用。[23]Westrin A, Lam RW. Seasonal affective disorder: a clinical update. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2007 Oct-Dec;19(4):239-46.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18058281?tool=bestpractice.com 几乎没有长达 8 周以上的治疗效果研究,从而限制了在临床实践中的普及性。[23]Westrin A, Lam RW. Seasonal affective disorder: a clinical update. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2007 Oct-Dec;19(4):239-46.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18058281?tool=bestpractice.com 考虑到 SAD 的复发性,强烈建议进行较长期的监测和维持治疗。[51]Westrin A, Lam RW. Long-term and preventative treatment for seasonal affective disorder. CNS Drugs. 2007;21(11):901-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17927295?tool=bestpractice.com
亚综合征性症状
应进一步评估存在亚综合征性季节性调节障碍的患者以确定心境季节性变化终身史。 虽然患者可能不符合重性抑郁障碍的标准,但其仍可能出现明显的功能性损害。[52]Schlager D, Froom J, Jaffe A. Winter depression and functional impairment among ambulatory primary care patients. Compr Psychiatry. 1995 Jan-Feb;36(1):18-24.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7705083?tool=bestpractice.com 亚综合征性临床症状并不需要特殊治疗。 然而,这类患者可能会对循证光疗和抗抑郁药有反应。[53]Lam RW, Tan EM, Yatham LN, et al. Seasonal depression: the dual vulnerability hypothesis revisited. J Affect Disord. 2001 Mar;63(1-3):123-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11246088?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Meesters Y, Winthorst WH, Duijzer WB, et al. The effects of low-intensity narrow-band blue-light treatment compared to bright white-light treatment in sub-syndromal seasonal affective disorder. BMC Psychiatry. 2016 Feb 18;16:27.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4758137/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26888208?tool=bestpractice.com 若患者出现明显的功能障碍,则可能需要特殊考虑。亚综合征性抑郁症状也可通过改变生活方式进行管理,例如提高身体活动水平、调节睡眠模式、参与健康的社会支持和有意义的活动。可鼓励患者监测季节性心境症状的强度、频率和持续时间,特别强调的是识别秋冬季的非典型抑郁症状以及春夏季的潜在躁狂或轻躁狂症状。通过可用的推荐网站鼓励患者了解更多有关 SAD 性质和治疗的信息。University of British Columbia: seasonal affective disorder information pageMind: seasonal affective disorder 建议在 2-4 周内进行随访评估或电话检查以重新评估患者状态。若功能性损害变得愈加严重,则可开始光疗或抗抑郁药治疗。
伴 SAD 的复发性、单相抑郁障碍:初始疗法
初始治疗可采用抗抑郁药治疗或光疗。将各种治疗方案选择的证据及其可用性告知患者,有助于患者决定首选治疗干预。尽管少量证据表明光疗和氟西汀同样有效,但很少有研究直接比较光疗与抗抑郁药。症状改善:有中等质量证据表明,光疗和氟西汀(20 mg/天)的疗效相当,并且在伴有季节性(冬季)重性抑郁障碍人群中耐受性良好。[55]Lam RW, Levitt AJ, Levitan RD, et al. The Can-SAD study: a randomized controlled trial of the effectiveness of light therapy and fluoxetine in patients with winter seasonal affective disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 May;163(5):805-12.http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/ajp.2006.163.5.805http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16648320?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Ruhrmann S, Kasper S, Hawellek B, et al. Effects of fluoxetine versus bright light in the treatment of seasonal affective disorder. Psychol Med. 1998 Jul;28(4):923-33.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9723147?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。汉密尔顿抑郁量表得分下降:有中等质量证据表明,氟西汀(20 mg/日)联合安慰剂光照 5 周,或者强光照射(3000 lux,2 小时/日)联合安慰剂药物治疗 5 周,可降低抑郁评分,并且耐受性良好。[56]Ruhrmann S, Kasper S, Hawellek B, et al. Effects of fluoxetine versus bright light in the treatment of seasonal affective disorder. Psychol Med. 1998 Jul;28(4):923-33.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9723147?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
光疗
光疗起效快,不良反应较少,所以可能优于药物治疗。 研究已发现自我报告的抑郁评分在接受光疗 1 小时后降低。[57]Reeves GM, Nijjar GV, Langenberg P, et al. Improvement in depression scores after 1 hour of light therapy treatment in patients with seasonal affective disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2012 Jan;200(1):51-5.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5336550/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22210362?tool=bestpractice.com 应进行循证式亮光疗法,以确保治疗有效,并且患者应从有信誉的供应商处获取符合循证指导原则的灯箱。[23]Westrin A, Lam RW. Seasonal affective disorder: a clinical update. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2007 Oct-Dec;19(4):239-46.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18058281?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Lam RW, Levitt AJ, eds. Canadian consensus guidelines for the treatment of seasonal affective disorder. Vancouver, BC: Clinical and Academic Publishing; 1999.http://sad.psychiatry.ubc.ca/resources/clinician-resources/clinical-guidelines-for-the-treatment-of-seasonal-affective-disorder/ 患者对光疗方案的依从性可能是一个问题。[58]Michalak EE, Hayes S, Wilkinson C, et al. Treatment compliance in light therapy: do patients do as they say they do? J Affect Disord. 2002 Apr;68(2-3):341-2.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12063162?tool=bestpractice.com 光疗的相对禁忌症包括:[23]Westrin A, Lam RW. Seasonal affective disorder: a clinical update. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2007 Oct-Dec;19(4):239-46.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18058281?tool=bestpractice.com
针对在复发性、单相抑郁患者中开展的光疗随机、对照试验开展了荟萃分析,结果显示该疗法具有中度至高度疗效。[59]Thompson C. Evidence-based treatment. In: Partonen T, Magnusson A, eds. Seasonal affective disorder: practice and research. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2001:151-8.抑郁症状严重程度降低:有高质量证据表明,亮光疗法和日出模拟可有效治疗季节性情感障碍。[60]Golden RN, Gaynes BN, Ekstrom RD, et al. The efficacy of light therapy in the treatment of mood disorders: a review and meta-analysis of the evidence. Am J Psychiatry. 2005 Apr;162(4):656-62.http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.4.656http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15800134?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 共识指导原则得出结论,有来自对照试验的有限正面证据支持光疗。[61]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in adults: recognition and management. April 2018 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg90[62]Bauer M, Pfennig A, Severus E, et al. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of unipolar depressive disorders, part 1: update 2013 on the acute and continuation treatment of unipolar depressive disorders.World J Biol Psychiatry. 2013 Jul;14(5):334-85.http://www.wfsbp.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Treatment_Guidelines/WFSBP_TG_Unipolar_depressive_disorders_Bauer_et_al_2013.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23879318?tool=bestpractice.com 在持续实施光疗的 1~3 周内可观察到症状的临床改善。 若停用光疗,则症状可能在 1-3 周内复发。[51]Westrin A, Lam RW. Long-term and preventative treatment for seasonal affective disorder. CNS Drugs. 2007;21(11):901-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17927295?tool=bestpractice.com 光疗的最佳剂量为至少每日5000 勒克斯 (lux),可以包括在清晨或太阳升起时进行强度为 2500 勒克斯 (lux) 的 2 小时光疗或强度为 10,000 勒克斯 (lux) 的 30 分钟光疗。[50]Lam RW, Levitt AJ, eds. Canadian consensus guidelines for the treatment of seasonal affective disorder. Vancouver, BC: Clinical and Academic Publishing; 1999.http://sad.psychiatry.ubc.ca/resources/clinician-resources/clinical-guidelines-for-the-treatment-of-seasonal-affective-disorder/ 实施光疗的一般性临床实践指南如下:[23]Westrin A, Lam RW. Seasonal affective disorder: a clinical update. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2007 Oct-Dec;19(4):239-46.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18058281?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Lam RW, Levitt AJ, eds. Canadian consensus guidelines for the treatment of seasonal affective disorder. Vancouver, BC: Clinical and Academic Publishing; 1999.http://sad.psychiatry.ubc.ca/resources/clinician-resources/clinical-guidelines-for-the-treatment-of-seasonal-affective-disorder/[61]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in adults: recognition and management. April 2018 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg90[63]Lam RW, Kennedy SH, Parikh SV, et al. Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) 2016 Clinical Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Major Depressive Disorder. Can J Psychiatry. 2016 Sep;61(9):506-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27486152?tool=bestpractice.com
抗抑郁药物治疗
虽然研究抗抑郁药物治疗 SAD 的随机对照试验很少,但已证明选择性 5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂 (SSRI) (特别是氟西汀和舍曲林)有效。[55]Lam RW, Levitt AJ, Levitan RD, et al. The Can-SAD study: a randomized controlled trial of the effectiveness of light therapy and fluoxetine in patients with winter seasonal affective disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 May;163(5):805-12.http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/ajp.2006.163.5.805http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16648320?tool=bestpractice.com抑郁评分降低:有中等质量证据表明,与使用安慰剂相比,使用氟西汀治疗伴有季节性(冬季)复发性重性抑郁发作患者时,在 5 周后抑郁评分降低,但该差异不具有统计学意义。[64]Lam RW, Gorman CP, Michalon M, et al. Multicenter, placebo-controlled study of fluoxetine in seasonal affective disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1995 Dec;152(12):1765-70.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8526243?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。临床总体印象 (CGI) 量表评分的提高:有中等质量证据表明,与安慰剂相比,舍曲林对季节性复发性冬季抑郁门诊患者进行 8 周治疗后,能够显著提高 CGI 评分。[65]Moscovitch A, Blashko CA, Eagles JM, et al. A placebo-controlled study of sertraline in the treatment of outpatients with seasonal affective disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2004 Feb;171(4):390-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14504682?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 在两项小型随机试验中,氟西汀的反应率与光疗相当。[66]Thaler K, Delivuk M, Chapman A, et al. Second-generation antidepressants for seasonal affective disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Dec 7;(12):CD008591.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008591.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22161433?tool=bestpractice.com 用于治疗重性抑郁障碍的其他 SSRI 类药物也可能有益于治疗 SAD,包括西酞普兰、帕罗西汀和艾司西酞普兰。[23]Westrin A, Lam RW. Seasonal affective disorder: a clinical update. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2007 Oct-Dec;19(4):239-46.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18058281?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Martiny K, Lunde M, Simonsen C, et al. Relapse prevention by citalopram in SAD patients responding to 1 week of light therapy: a placebo-controlled study. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2004 Mar;109(3):230-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14984396?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Pjrek E, Winkler D, Stastny J, et al. Escitalopram in seasonal affective disorder: results of an open trial. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2007 Jan;40(1):20-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17327956?tool=bestpractice.com 氟西汀半衰期较长,因此最不可能引发撤药综合征,但其刺激性较强,因此一些患者可能需要较慢的剂量调整。 帕罗西汀的半衰期最短,因此最可能引发撤药综合征。
5-羟色胺-去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂 (SNRI)(例如度洛西汀)的不良反应与 SSRI 的类似,也可能有效。然而数据有限。症状与社会功能评定量表改善:有低质量证据表明,季节性情感障碍患者服用度洛西汀 8 周后,能够显著改善症状和社会功能,不良反应导致的撤药率为 15.4%。[69]Pjrek E, Willeit M, Praschak-Rieder N, et al: Treatment of seasonal affective disorder with duloxetine: an open-label study. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2008 May;41(3):100-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18484551?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 在剂量调整期间,大多数抗抑郁药的不良反应持续时间有限,应提前与患者讨论,并密切监测以确保依从性。 除考虑有效性证据外,抗抑郁药的选择还取决于:
先前治疗反应
可用性
不良反应
撤药症状风险
剂量调整的难易程度。
在许多 SAD 患者中,可开始光疗和抗抑郁药物联合治疗,虽然对于非季节性抑郁症联合这些治疗并无证据。[61]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in adults: recognition and management. April 2018 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg90 与运动-度洛西汀联合治疗相比,光疗与度洛西汀联合治疗能够提高抗抑郁药的疗效,改善缓解情况。[70]Martiny K, Refsgaard E, Lund V, et al. A 9-week randomized trial comparing a chronotherapeutic intervention (wake and light therapy) to exercise in major depressive disorder patients treated with duloxetine. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012 Sep;73(9):1234-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23059149?tool=bestpractice.com 更严重且具有功能性损害的抑郁症状可能需要联合治疗。 春夏季未完全缓解的抑郁症状也可能需要联合治疗。
伴 SAD 的双相情感障碍:初始疗法
应筛查所有秋冬季发作性抑郁患者,是否存在春夏季轻躁狂或躁狂症状。 估计 20% 的 SAD 患者可能存在双相型障碍。[10]White DM, Lewy AJ, Sack RL, et al. Is winter depression a bipolar disorder? Compr Psychiatry. 1990 May-Jun;31(3):196-204.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2340714?tool=bestpractice.com 需要采取心境稳定药物,当心境抑郁时,可与光疗联合使用。需对光疗反应进行早期监测,因为在某些人群中,光暴露可能会诱发躁狂症状,但这种情况罕见。[62]Bauer M, Pfennig A, Severus E, et al. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of unipolar depressive disorders, part 1: update 2013 on the acute and continuation treatment of unipolar depressive disorders.World J Biol Psychiatry. 2013 Jul;14(5):334-85.http://www.wfsbp.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Treatment_Guidelines/WFSBP_TG_Unipolar_depressive_disorders_Bauer_et_al_2013.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23879318?tool=bestpractice.com
锂、丙戊酸和一些非典型抗精神病药通常被视为一线的心境稳定剂。2018 年,欧洲药物管理局 (European Medicines Agency ) 建议,在妊娠期禁止将丙戊酸及其类似药物用于治疗双相情感障碍,因为胎儿/儿童发生先天畸形和发育问题的风险高。[71]European Medicines Agency. New measures to avoid valproate exposure in pregnancy endorsed. March 2018 [internet publication].http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Press_release/2018/03/WC500246391.pdf 在美国,标准惯例是仅在其他替代药物无法接受或无效的情况下,将丙戊酸及其类似物用于治疗妊娠期与双相情感障碍相关的躁狂发作。在欧洲和美国,除非已实施妊娠预防计划并且符合特定的条件,否则丙戊酸及其类似物不得用于具有生育可能的女性患者。[71]European Medicines Agency. New measures to avoid valproate exposure in pregnancy endorsed. March 2018 [internet publication].http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Press_release/2018/03/WC500246391.pdf 根据临床表现,可考虑选择多种其他方案作为一线治疗(例如拉莫三嗪、卡马西平和其他抗精神病药物)。根据双相疾病的特征以及对多种直接不良反应和长期风险的权衡,作出治疗选择。对服用锂的患者应进行常规血清水平监测,以监测治疗性血药浓度,并降低毒性风险。
合并焦虑障碍
焦虑障碍,例如惊恐障碍、广泛性焦虑障碍和社交焦虑障碍,在非季节性重性抑郁和 SAD 中同样普遍。[11]Levitt AJ, Joffe RT, Brecher D, et al. Anxiety disorders and anxiety symptoms in a clinic sample of seasonal and non-seasonal depressives. J Affect Disord. 1993 May;28(1):51-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8326080?tool=bestpractice.com 没有开展临床试验评估光疗或抗抑郁药物用于治疗合并焦虑的 SAD 的有效性。 考虑到较少的光疗禁忌症以及 SSRI 与 SNRI 的现有研究基础,这两种治疗(单独或联合用药)均适用。
合并经前期情绪障碍
研究已经证明 SSRI 有助于治疗经前期情绪障碍。[72]Pearlstein T, Steiner M. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder: burden of illness and treatment update. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2008 Jul;33(4):291-301.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2440788/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18592027?tool=bestpractice.com SAD 患者的经前期情绪障碍患病率高于一般人群。[13]Praschak-Rieder N, Willeit M, Neumeister A, et al. Prevalence of premenstrual dysphoric disorder in female patients with seasonal affective disorder. J Affect Disord. 2001 Mar;63(1-3):239-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11246102?tool=bestpractice.com[73]Portella AT, Haaga DA, Rohan KJ. The association between seasonal and premenstrual symptoms is continuous and is not fully accounted for by depressive symptoms. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2006 Nov;194(11):833-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17102707?tool=bestpractice.com 因此,虽然没有指导合并症治疗的数据,但 SSRI 经常用于这些患者。光疗是另一种一线治疗。口服避孕药也是经前期情绪症状的一种有效疗法,但尚未研究其在 SAD 中的作用。
所有患者的辅助治疗
久坐行为以及脱离社会可能会让临床管理变得更加复杂。因此,在某些情况下,可能需要辅助使用低强度体力活动和/或转诊至接受循证性认知行为疗法 (cognitive behavioural therapy, CBT)。[74]Rohan KJ, Roecklein KA, Tierney Lindsey K, et al. A randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy, light therapy, and their combination for seasonal affective disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2007 Jun;75(3):489-500.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17563165?tool=bestpractice.com
CBT 是抑郁和焦虑障碍的有效疗法。 它可以有效地辅助治疗 SAD,尤其是在损害和合并症增加的条件下。[74]Rohan KJ, Roecklein KA, Tierney Lindsey K, et al. A randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy, light therapy, and their combination for seasonal affective disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2007 Jun;75(3):489-500.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17563165?tool=bestpractice.com CBT 是一项基于技术的方法,旨在调整维持或加剧症状和损害的思维、行为和周围意外事件。治疗目标包括:学习相关策略以对抑郁症状实施行为管理、减少回避行为以及随着时间推移逐渐改善和重新恢复功能。一项头对头比较研究显示,在对 SAD 进行急性期治疗时,采用 CBT 与采用光疗产生了相似的阳性结局。[75]Rohan KJ, Mahon JN, Evans M, et al. Randomized trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy versus light therapy for seasonal affective disorder: acute outcomes. Am J Psychiatry. 2015 Sep 1;172(9):862-9.http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.14101293http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25859764?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,长期随访显示:CBT 相比于光疗对抑郁症状指标的改善更为持久。[76]Rohan KJ, Meyerhoff J, Ho SY, et al. Outcomes one and two winters following cognitive-behavioral therapy or light therapy for seasonal affective disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2016 Mar 1;173(3):244-51.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26539881?tool=bestpractice.com 转诊医生和心理健康专家应保持定期合作。
预防性治疗
缓释型安非他酮是某些国家/地区中唯一批准用于预防 SAD 的药物。治疗后无抑郁率:有中等质量证据表明,与安慰剂相比,季节性情感障碍患者每天接受 150 -300 mg 预防性丁胺苯丙酮 XL(当身体状况良好时从秋季开始治疗),能够将重性抑郁复发的相对风险降低 44%。[77]Modell JG, Rosenthal NE, Harriett AE, et al. Seasonal affective disorder and its prevention by anticipatory treatment with bupropion XL. Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Oct 15;58(8):658-67.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16271314?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 治疗始于初秋,并且持续至整个冬季。[77]Modell JG, Rosenthal NE, Harriett AE, et al. Seasonal affective disorder and its prevention by anticipatory treatment with bupropion XL. Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Oct 15;58(8):658-67.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16271314?tool=bestpractice.com 并未对丁胺苯丙酮用于季节性抑郁发作的急性治疗进行研究。 开始抗抑郁药物治疗后,可降低经过有效治疗的季节性抑郁的复发率。[78]Cleare A, Pariante CM, Young AH, et al; Members of the Consensus Meeting. Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants: a revision of the 2008 British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines. J Psychopharmacol. 2015 May;29(5):459-525.https://www.bap.org.uk/pdfs/BAP_Guidelines-Antidepressants.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25969470?tool=bestpractice.com
亮光疗法也可作为一种预防性措施。 结局试验非常有限,但在一定程度上确实支持采用光照治疗预防症状。[79]Nussbaumer B, Kaminski-Hartenthaler A, Forneris CA, et al. Light therapy for preventing seasonal affective disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Nov 8;(11):CD011269.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011269.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26558494?tool=bestpractice.com 应与患者讨论各时期预防性治疗的风险与获益。[51]Westrin A, Lam RW. Long-term and preventative treatment for seasonal affective disorder. CNS Drugs. 2007;21(11):901-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17927295?tool=bestpractice.com