在暴露于造影剂之前,通过 N 乙酰半胱氨酸预处理,能够起到部分保护作用,从而预防造影剂肾病的发生,[46]Marenzi G, Assanelli E, Marana I, et al. N-acetylcysteine and contrast-induced nephropathy in primary angioplasty. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:2773-2782.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16807414?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Kelly AM, Dwamena B, Cronin P, et al. Meta-analysis: effectiveness of drugs for preventing contrast-induced nephropathy. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148:284-294.http://www.annals.org/content/148/4/284.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18283206?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Koc F, Ozdemir K, Kaya MG, et al. Intravenous N-acetylcysteine plus high-dose hydration versus high-dose hydration and standard hydration for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: CASIS--a multicenter prospective controlled trial. Int J Cardiol. 2012;155:418-423.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21106264?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Ho KM, Morgan DJ. Meta-analysis of N-acetylcysteine to prevent acute renal failure after major surgery. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;53:33-40.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18649982?tool=bestpractice.com 但相关数据仍不一致。一项 meta 分析结果显示,该药物没有任何好处,事实上,它可能是有害的。[50]Anderson SM, Park ZH, Patel RV. Intravenous N-acetylcysteine in the prevention of contrast media-induced nephropathy. Ann Pharmacother. 2011;45:101-107.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21205947?tool=bestpractice.com 如果需要使用,应在造影剂使用前 24 小时开始应用,持续到造影剂使用后 24-48 小时,剂量为 600 mg,口服或静脉使用,每 12 小时一次。然而,没有证据表明,对没有使用放射性造影剂的患者在围手术期给予 N-乙酰半胱氨酸治疗,能够改变死亡率或肾脏结局。[49]Ho KM, Morgan DJ. Meta-analysis of N-acetylcysteine to prevent acute renal failure after major surgery. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;53:33-40.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18649982?tool=bestpractice.com 有学者推荐将其用于高危患者,[47]Kelly AM, Dwamena B, Cronin P, et al. Meta-analysis: effectiveness of drugs for preventing contrast-induced nephropathy. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148:284-294.http://www.annals.org/content/148/4/284.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18283206?tool=bestpractice.com 但仍需更深入的研究。
造影剂使用前后给予数小时的生理盐水输注 (1 mL/kg/h) 可能有助于预防造影剂肾病。[51]Barrett BJ, Parfey PS. Clinical practice. Preventing nephropathy induced by contrast medium. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:379-386.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16436769?tool=bestpractice.com
根据一项针对在接受冠状动脉介入治疗患者中使用普罗布考的研究,该药也可能降低造影剂肾病的风险,但仍然处于试验阶段。[52]Li G, Yin L, Liu T, et al. Role of probucol in preventing contrast-induced acute kidney injury after coronary interventional procedure. Am J Cardiol. 2009;103:512-514.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19195512?tool=bestpractice.com 对于接受冠脉支架植入术的 ST 段抬高型心肌梗死患者,给予高剂量阿托伐他汀进行长期治疗,显著降低了造影剂肾病的发生率。[53]Li W, Fu X, Wang Y, et al. Beneficial effects of high-dose atorvastatin pretreatment on renal function in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing emergency percutaneous coronary intervention. Cardiology. 2012;122:195-202.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22854323?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Li Y, Liu Y, Fu L, et al. Efficacy of short-term high-dose statin in preventing contrast-induced nephropathy: a meta-analysis of seven randomized controlled trials. PLoS One. 2012;7:e34450.http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0034450http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22511942?tool=bestpractice.com
一项 meta 分析结果显示,碳酸氢钠输注预防造影剂肾病的效果并不优于生理盐水。[55]Brar SS, Hiremath S, Dangas G, et al. Sodium bicarbonate for the prevention of contrast induced-acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;4:1584-1592.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19713291?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,进一步 meta 分析显示,在预防造影剂肾病方面,给予碳酸氢钠可能优于单独应用氯化钠注射液,但另一项试验再次表明二者之间无差别。[56]Kunadian V, Zaman A, Spyridopoulos I, et al. Sodium bicarbonate for the prevention of contrast induced nephropathy: a meta-analysis of published clinical trials. Eur J Radiol. 2011;79:48-55.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20074886?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Jang JS, Jin HY, Seo JS, et al. Sodium bicarbonate therapy for the prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury – a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circ J. 2012;76:2255-2565.https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/circj/76/9/76_CJ-12-0096/_articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22975638?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Solomon R, Gordon P, Manoukian SV, et al. Randomized trial of bicarbonate or saline study for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10:1519-1524.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4559510/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26185263?tool=bestpractice.com
与仅给予静脉补液相比,采用心房利钠肽进行预处理,持续应用 48 小时,能够预防肌酐增高。[59]Morikawa S, Sone T, Tsuboi H, et al. Renal protective effects and the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy by atrial natriuretic peptide. [Erratum in: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:1122.] J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:1040-1046.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19298916?tool=bestpractice.com 总体而言,仍然缺乏证据。
研究表明,行冠状动脉旁路移植手术期间,在进行非搏动性冠脉-肺分流手术复温过程中给予硝普酸钠治疗,与肾功能改善有关。[60]Kaya K, Oguz M, Akar AR, et al. The effect of sodium nitroprusside infusion on renal function during reperfusion period in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007;31:290-297.http://ejcts.oxfordjournals.org/content/31/2/290.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17174559?tool=bestpractice.com
在一项大型 meta 分析中,纳入 4605 例接受体外循环心脏手术且接受不同形式治疗的患者,结果发现非诺多泮、心房利钠肽、脑利钠肽具有肾脏保护作用,但是并没有降低患者的全因死亡率。[61]Patel NN, Rogers CA, Angelini GD, et al. Pharmacological therapies for the prevention of acute kidney injury following cardiac surgery: a systematic review. Heart Fail Rev. 2011;16:553-567.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21400231?tool=bestpractice.com 根据总体证据,很难支持采取这些干预。
他汀类药物治疗作为心脏外科手术后 AKI 的初级预防已被评估,但是结果不一致。一项研究分析了接受择期冠状动脉旁路移植术、心脏瓣膜手术或升主动脉手术的患者围术期使用大剂量阿托伐他汀的效果,结果表明无获益。[62]Billings FT 4th, Hendricks PA, Schildcrout JS, et al. High-dose perioperative atorvastatin and acute kidney injury following cardiac surgery: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016;315:877-888.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4843765/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26906014?tool=bestpractice.com
左西孟旦是一种钙增敏剂,用于改善心输出量,对于预防行心脏手术患者的 AKI,很久之前已经有研究表明该药具有前景。[63]Zhou C, Gong J, Chen D, et al. Levosimendan for prevention of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Kidney Dis. 2016;67:408-416.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26518388?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,左西孟旦尚不可用。
一项 meta 分析表明,对于接受冠状动脉旁路移植术的高风险患者,术前进行主动脉内球囊反搏支持可降低术后 AKI 的发生率。[64]Wang J, Yu W, Gao M, et al. Preoperative prophylactic intraaortic balloon pump reduces the incidence of postoperative acute kidney injury and short-term death of high-risk patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting: a meta-analysis of 17 studies. Ann Thorac Surg. 2016;101;2007-2019.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27045229?tool=bestpractice.com
非体外循环手术的风险更低。[44]Garg AX, Devereaux PJ, Yusuf S, et al. Kidney function after off-pump or on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;311:2191-2198.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1877182http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24886787?tool=bestpractice.com