可切除肿瘤
肿瘤可切除患者应具备以下条件:
手术的目的是实现阴性切缘(如果实现,患者的5年生存率将达到20%-43%)。[39]Yeh CN, Jan YY, Yeh TS, et al. Hepatic resection of the intraductal papillary type of peripheral cholangiocarcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol. 2004;11:606-611.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15172934?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Nakagohri T, Asano T, Kinoshita H, et al. Aggressive surgical resection for hilar-invasive and peripheral intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. World J Surg. 2003;27:289-293.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12607053?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Isaji S, Kawarada Y, Taoka H, et al. Clinicopathological features and outcome of hepatic resection for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in Japan. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 1999;6:108-116.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10398896?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Berdah SV, Delpero JR, Garcia S, et al. A western surgical experience of peripheral cholangiocarcinoma. Br J Surg. 1996;83:1517-1521.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9014664?tool=bestpractice.com存活的阳性指标是阴性切缘,无淋巴结受累,单个病灶和无血管侵犯。相较更远端的肿瘤,肝门部受累使中位生存期从18-30个月降至12-24个月。
肝内肿瘤
肝内胆管癌可切除的患者应行肝部分切除术。
如果手术切除成功且无残留病灶,患者可以观察随访为主。没有证据表明联合治疗可提高生存率。
如果手术切除后残留部分病灶(如切缘阳性),指南推荐多学科团队应考虑进行个体化辅助治疗。可行的方法有进一步手术切除,消融治疗,或化疗加或不加放疗。
目前无推荐的标准的化疗方案。化疗通常用于未获得阴性切缘的切除术后。如果已获得阴性切缘,化疗的作用存在争议。[43]Furuse J, Takada T, Miyazaki M, et al; Japanese Association of Biliary Surgery; Japanese Society of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery; Japan Society of Clinical Oncology. Guidelines for chemotherapy of biliary tract and ampullary carcinomas. J Hepatobiliary
Pancreat Surg. 2008;15:55-62.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2794344/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18274844?tool=bestpractice.com
肝外肿瘤
对于肝外胆管癌的患者,手术的类型取决于肿瘤的位置:
肿瘤处于肝外胆道的近三分之一范围内,应行肝门部切除,肝部分切除加尾状叶切除,淋巴结清扫[44]Nimura Y, Hayakawa N, Kamiya J, et al. Hepatic segmentectomy
with caudate lobe resection for bile duct carcinoma of the hepatic hilus. World J
Surg. 1990;14:535-544.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2166381?tool=bestpractice.com
超过三级胆管的应行胆管扩大切除与淋巴结清扫术。肝部分切除或胰十二指肠切除术可用于获得肿瘤的完全清除。
远端肝外肿瘤应通过胰十二指肠切除和淋巴结清扫术来切除。
侵犯门静脉的肿瘤可通过门静脉切除术来去除。此法相对于不进行切除来说可有切缘获益。[45]Abbas S, Sandroussi C. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the role of
vascular resection in the treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. HPB (Oxford).
2013;15:492-503.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23750491?tool=bestpractice.com
如果肿瘤能被成功切除且无阳性淋巴结,患者可以选择进行放化疗或者不做进一步处理。
如切缘阳性或有淋巴结转移,患者应接受单独化疗或联合放疗。[46]Valle JW, Furuse J, Jitlal M, et al. Cisplatin and gemcitabine for advanced biliary tract cancer: a meta-analysis of two randomised trials. Ann Oncol. 2014;25:391-398.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24351397?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Yang R, Wang B, Chen YJ, et al. Efficacy of gemcitabine plus platinum agents for biliary tract cancers: a meta-analysis. Anticancer Drugs. 2013;24:871-877.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23799294?tool=bestpractice.com
术前门静脉栓塞有助于降低并发症和手术相关病死率,且可考虑用于超过右半肝切除范围的肝切除术患者,如肝三叶切除术。[48]Makuuchi M, Thai BL, Takayasu K, et al. Preoperative portal embolization to increase safety of major hepatectomy for hilar bile duct carcinoma: a preliminary report. Surgery. 1990;107:521-527.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2333592?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Nagino M, Nimura Y, Kamiya J, et al. Changes in hepatic lobe volume in biliary tract cancer patients after right portal vein embolization. Hepatology. 1995;21:434-439.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7843717?tool=bestpractice.com此法也可用于计划切除肝脏超过50%-60%的肝脏切除患者,尤其伴有黄疸的患者。
术前胆汁引流已被用于降低梗阻性黄疸患者的病死率。但也有一些研究反对术前在内窥镜或经皮支途径下的支架置入。[50]Liu F, Li Y, Wei Y, et al. Preoperative biliary drainage before resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma: whether or not? A systematic review. Digest Dis Sci. 2011;56:663-672.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20635143?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Martignoni ME, Wagner M, Krähenbühl L, et al. Effect of preoperative biliary drainage on surgical outcome after pancreatoduodenectomy. Am J Surg. 2001;181:52-59; discussion 87.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11248177?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Jagannath P, Dhir V, Shrikhande S, et al. Effect of preoperative biliary stenting on immediate outcome after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Br J Surg. 2005;92:356-361.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15672425?tool=bestpractice.com尽管有这些证据,术前胆汁引流仍然是一个有争议的操作,不过仍有几个中心提倡该操作。[53]Mumtaz K, Hamid S, Jafri W. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography
with or without stenting in patients with pancreaticobiliary malignancy, prior to
surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(3):CD006001.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17636818?tool=bestpractice.com通常来说,如果患者的病灶可切除且手术可被安排在诊断后数日内,这项操作并不被要求。术前胆汁引流可通过置入覆盖和未覆盖涂层的金属支架,目前的证据表明,覆盖涂层的金属支架有更好地维持胆道长时间通畅的能力。[54]Saleem A, Leggett CL, Murad M, et al. Meta-analysis of randomized trials comparing the patency of covered and uncovered self-expandable metal stents for palliation of distal malignant bile duct obstruction. Gastrointest Endosc. 2011;74:321-327.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21683354?tool=bestpractice.com