司美鲁肽 (Semaglutide)
司美鲁肽是一种胰高血糖素样肽 1 (GLP-1) 类似物,半衰期约为 1 周,该药在存在高心血管风险的 2 型糖尿病患者的治疗中进行了研究。司美鲁肽组的非致命性心肌梗死、非致命性卒中或新发肾病/肾病加重的风险低于安慰剂组(但视网膜病变并发症发生率高于安慰剂组)。[88]Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, et al; SUSTAIN-6 Investigators. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:1834-1844.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1607141#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27633186?tool=bestpractice.com美国食品药品监督管理局新药申请 (US Food and Drug Administration New Drug Application) 正在审批中。
代谢(减肥)手术
随机临床试验已经显示出血糖控制方面的收益,包括与2型糖尿病与单纯药物治疗相比,在短期内(例如,1-3年)需要降糖药物量,生活质量,和减少心血管风险因子,[89]Schauer PR, Kashyap SR, Wolski K, et al. Bariatric surgery versus intensive medical therapy in obese patients with diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:1567-1576.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22449319?tool=bestpractice.com[90]Schauer PR, Bhatt DL, Kirwan JP, et al; STAMPEDE Investigators. Bariatric surgery versus intensive medical therapy for diabetes - 5-year outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:641-651.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28199805?tool=bestpractice.com[91]Kashyap SR, Bhatt DL, Wolski K, et al. Metabolic effects of bariatric surgery in patients with moderate obesity and type 2 diabetes: analysis of a randomized control trial comparing surgery with intensive medical treatment. Diabetes Care. 2013;36:2175-2182.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/36/8/2175.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23439632?tool=bestpractice.com[92]Ikramuddin S, Korner J, Lee WJ, et al. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass vs intensive medical management for the control of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia: the Diabetes Surgery Study randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2013;309:2240-2249.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/1693889http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23736733?tool=bestpractice.com[93]Halperin F, Ding SA, Simonson DC, et al. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery or lifestyle with intensive medical management in patients with type 2 diabetes: feasibility and 1-year results of a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Surg. 2014;149:716-726.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/1876617http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24899464?tool=bestpractice.com也有利于2型糖尿病的预防[94]Carlsson LM, Peltonen M, Ahlin S, et al. Bariatric surgery and prevention of type 2 diabetes in Swedish obese subjects. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:695-704.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22913680?tool=bestpractice.com需要更长期随访,以评估对代谢手术相关严重不良事件风险、死亡率和临床心血管并发症的影响。代谢手术的益处在不同患者亚组中不尽相同。在观察性研究中,效益出现在那些更年轻(年龄40-50),患2型糖尿病的时间更短的患者中,而那些老年糖尿病效果较差。美国糖尿病协会在 2017 年将代谢手术推荐范围扩展至具有以下特征的合适亚裔美国手术患者:BMI ≥37.5 kg/m^2(除 BMI ≥40 kg/m^2 的患者外),无论其血糖控制水平/降糖治疗方案复杂程度如何。应在经验丰富的大型中心进行手术。[2]American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2017. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(suppl 1):S1-S135.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/40/Supplement_1/推荐将手术作为 BMI 达 35.0-39.9 kg/m^2(对于亚裔美国人,32.5-37.4 kg/m^2)且尽管采取了生活方式和最佳医疗管理但高血糖控制效果不佳的成人治疗选择,或作为 BMI 达 30.0-34.9 kg/m^2(对于亚裔美国人,27.5-32.4 kg/m^2)且尽管采取了最佳口服或注射药物(包括胰岛素)治疗但高血糖控制效果不佳的成人的治疗选择。[2]American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2017. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(suppl 1):S1-S135.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/40/Supplement_1/
胰岛素吸入粉
美国食品药品监督管理局已再次批准通过肺部吸入的速效胰岛素用于治疗糖尿病。以前吸入的胰岛素产品曾被从市场上除名。根据安全管理经验这种药物不比注射胰岛素更加安全。