胆石病

National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement on Gallstones and Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. Am J Surg. 1993 Apr;165(4):390-8.

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European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL). EASL clinical practice guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of gallstones. J Hepatol. 2016 Jul;65(1):146-81.

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Dasari BV, Tan CJ, Gurusamy KS, et al. Surgical versus endoscopic treatment of bile duct stones. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Dec 12;(12):CD003327.

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Gurusamy KS, Davidson C, Gluud C, et al. Early versus delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy for people with acute cholecystitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jun 30;(6):CD005440.

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1.  Diehl AK. Epidemiology and natural history of gallstone disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1991 Mar;20(1):1-19.

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2.  Williams CI, Shaffer EA. Gallstone disease: current therapeutic practice. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2008 Apr;11(2):71-7.

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3.  Stinton LM, Shaffer EA. Epidemiology of gallbladder disease: cholelithiasis and cancer. Gut Liver. 2012 Apr;6(2):172-87.

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4.  Everhart JE, Yeh F, Lee ET, et al. Prevalence of gallbladder disease in American Indian populations: findings from the Strong Heart Study. Hepatology. 2002 Jun;35(6):1507-12.

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5.  Sun H, Tang H, Jiang S, et al. Gender and metabolic differences of gallstone diseases. World J Gastroenterol. 2009 Apr 21;15(15):1886-91.

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6.  Shaffer EA. Gallstone disease: epidemiology of gallbladder stone disease. Best Prac Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;20(6):981-96.

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7.  Attili AF, Carulli N, Roda E, et al. Epidemiology of gallstone disease in Italy: prevalence data of the Multicenter Italian Study on Cholelithiasis (M.I.COL.). Am J Epidemiol. 1995 Jan 15;141(2):158-65.

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8.  Freidman GD, Raviola CA, Fireman B. Prognosis of gallstones with mild or no symptoms: 25 years of follow-up in a health maintenance organization. J Clin Epidemiol. 1989;42(2):127-36.

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9.  Gracie WA, Ransohoff DF. The natural history of silent gallstones: the innocent gallstone is not a myth. N Engl J Med. 1982 Sep 23;307(13):798-800.

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10.  McSherry CK, Ferstenberg H, Calhoun WF, et al. The natural history of diagnosed gallstone disease in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Ann Surg. 1985 Jul;202(1):59-63.

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11.  Friedman GD. Natural history of asymptomatic and symptomatic gallstones. Am J Surg. 1993 Apr;165(4):399-404.

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12.  National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement on Gallstones and Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. Am J Surg. 1993 Apr;165(4):390-8.

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13.  Lammert F, Miquel JF. Gallstone disease: from genes to evidence-based therapy. J Hepatol. 2008;48(suppl 1):S124-35.

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14.  Völzke H, Baumeister SE, Alte D, et al. Independent risk factors for gallstone formation in a region with high cholelithiasis prevalence. Digestion. 2005;71(2):97-105.

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15.  Nakeeb A, Comuzzie AG, Martin L, et al. Gallstones: genetics versus environment. Ann Surg. 2002 Jun;235(6):842-9.

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16.  Katsika D, Grjibovski A, Einarsson C, et al. Genetic and environmental influences on symptomatic gallstone disease: a Swedish study of 43,141 twin pairs. Hepatology. 2005 May;41(5):1138-43.

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17.  Schafmayer C, Tepel J, Franke A, et al. Investigation of the Lith1 candidate genes ABCB11 and LXRA in human gallstone disease. Hepatology. 2006 Sep;44(3):650-7.

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18.  Venneman NG, Buskens E, Besselink MG, et al. Small gallstones are associated with increased risk of acute pancreatitis: potential benefits of prophylactic cholecystectomy? Am J Gastroenterol. 2005 Nov;100(11):2540-50.

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19.  Venneman NG, Renooij W, Rehfeld JF, et al. Small gallstones, preserved gallbladder motility, and fast crystallization are associated with pancreatitis. Hepatology. 2005 Apr;41(4):738-46.

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20.  Sugiyama M, Atomi Y. Risk factors for acute biliary pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004 Aug;60(2):210-2.

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21.  Novacek G. Gender and gallstone disease. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2006 Oct;156(19-20):527-33.

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22.  Carey MC, Paigen B. Epidemiology of the American Indians' burden and its likely genetic origins. Hepatology. 2002 Oct;36(4 Pt 1):781-91.

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23.  Nervi F, Miquel JF, Marshall G. The Amerindian epidemics of cholesterol gallstones: the North and South connection. Hepatology. 2003 Apr;37(4):947-8.

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24.  Krawczyk M, Wang DQ, Portincasa P, et al. Dissecting the genetic heterogeneity of gallbladder stone formation. Semin Liver Dis. 2011 May;31(2):157-72.

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25.  Joshi AD, Andersson C, Buch S, et al. Four susceptibility loci for gallstone disease identified in a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies. Gastroenterology. 2016 Aug;151(2):351-63.

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26.  Ko CW, Beresford SA, Schulte SJ, et al. Incidence, natural history, and risk factors for biliary sludge and stones during pregnancy. Hepatology. 2005 Feb;41(2):359-65.

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27.  Scragg RK, McMichael AJ, Seamark RF. Oral contraceptives, pregnancy, and endogenous oestrogen in gall stone disease: a case-control study. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1984 Jun 16;288(6433):1795-9.

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28.  Wang S, Wang Y, Xu J, et al. Is the oral contraceptive or hormone replacement therapy a risk factor for cholelithiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017 Apr;96(14):e6556.

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29.  Stampfer MJ, Maclure KM, Colditz GA, et al. Risk of symptomatic gallstones in women with severe obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992 Mar;55(3):652-8.

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30.  Amaral JF, Thompson WR. Gallbladder disease in the morbidly obese. Am J Surg. 1985 Apr;149(4):551-7.

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31.  Aune D, Vatten LJ. Diabetes mellitus and the risk of gallbladder disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Diabetes Complications. 2016 Mar;30(2):368-73.

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32.  Noel RA, Braun DK, Patterson RE, et al. Increased risk of acute pancreatitis and biliary disease observed in patients with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2009 May;32(5):834-8.

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33.  Jaruvongvanich V, Sanguankeo A, Upala S. Significant association between gallstone disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dig Dis Sci. 2016 Aug;61(8):2389-96.

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34.  Shiffman ML, Sugerman HJ, Kellum JM, et al. Gallstone formation after rapid weight loss: a prospective study in patients undergoing gastric bypass surgery for treatment of morbid obesity. Am J Gastroenterol. 1991 Aug;86(8):1000-5.

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35.  Faillie JL, Yu OH, Yin H, et al. Association of bile duct and gallbladder diseases with the use of incretin-based drugs in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA Intern Med. 2016 Oct 1;176(10):1474-81.

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36.  Parente F, Pastore L, Bargiggia S, et al. Incidence and risk factors for gallstones in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a large case-control study. Hepatology. 2007 May;45(5):1267-74.

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37.  Vítek L, Carey MC. Enterohepatic cycling of bilirubin as a cause of 'black' pigment gallstones in adult life. Eur J Clin Invest. 2003 Sep;33(9):799-810.

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38.  Tsai CJ, Leitzmann MF, Willett WC, et al. Central adiposity, regional fat distribution, and the risk of cholecystectomy in women. Gut. 2006 May;55(5):708-14.

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39.  Tsai CJ, Leitzmann MF, Willett WC, et al. Dietary carbohydrates and glycaemic load and the incidence of symptomatic gallstone disease in men. Gut. 2005 Jun;54(6):823-8.

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40.  Tsai CJ, Leitzmann MF, Willett WC, et al. Glycemic load, glycemic index, and carbohydrate intake in relation to risk of cholecystectomy in women. Gastroenterology. 2005 Jul;129(1):105-12.

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41.  Stokes CS, Gluud LL, Casper M, et al. Ursodeoxycholic acid and diets higher in fat prevent gallbladder stones during weight loss: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014 Jul;12(7):1090-1100.e2

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42.  Aune D, Leitzmann M, Vatten LJ. Physical activity and the risk of gallbladder disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. J Phys Act Health. 2016 Jul;13(7):788-95.

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43.  Venneman NG, Besselink MG, Keulemans YC, et al. Ursodeoxycholic acid exerts no beneficial effect in patients with symptomatic gallstones awaiting cholecystectomy. Hepatology. 2006 Jun;43(6):1276-83.

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44.  European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL). EASL clinical practice guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of gallstones. J Hepatol. 2016 Jul;65(1):146-81.

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45.  Singer AJ, McCracken G, Henry MC, et al.Correlation among clinical, laboratory, and hepatobiliary scanning findings in patients with suspected acute cholecystitis. Ann Emerg Med. 1996 Sep;28(3):267-72.

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46.  Ross M, Brown M, McLaughlin K, et al. Emergency physician-performed ultrasound to diagnose cholelithiasis: a systematic review. Acad Emerg Med. 2011 Mar;18(3):227-35.

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47.  Romagnuolo J, Bardou M, Rahme E, et al. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography: a meta-analysis of test performance in suspected biliary disease. Ann Intern Med. 2003 Oct 7;139(7):547-57.

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48.  Bahram M, Gaballa G. The value of pre-operative magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) in management of patients with gall stones. Int J Surg. 2010;8(5):342-5.

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49.  Karakan T, Cindoruk M, Alagozlu H, et al. EUS versus endoscopic retrograde cholangiography for patients with intermediate probability of bile duct stones: a prospective randomized trial. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009 Feb;69(2):244-52.

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50.  Janssen J, Halboos A, Greiner L. EUS accurately predicts the need for therapeutic ERCP in patients with a low probability of biliary obstruction. Gastrointest Endosc. 2008 Sep;68(3):470-6.

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51.  Lee YT, Chan FK, Leung WK, et al. Comparison of EUS and ERCP in the investigation with suspected biliary obstruction caused by choledocholithiasis: a randomized study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2008 Apr;67(4):660-8.

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52.  Liu CL, Fan ST, Lo CM, et al. Comparison of early endoscopic ultrasonography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the management of acute biliary pancreatitis: a prospective randomized study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005 Dec;3(12):1238-44.

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53.  Polkowski M, Regula J, Tilszer A, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound versus endoscopic retrograde cholangiography for patients with intermediate probability of bile duct stones: a randomized trial comparing two management strategies. Endoscopy. 2007 Apr;39(4):296-303.

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54.  Miquel JF, Covarrubias C, Villaroel L, et al. Genetic epidemiology of cholesterol cholelithiasis among Chilean Hispanics, Amerindians, and Maoris. Gastroenterology. 1998 Oct;115(4):937-46.

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55.  Kondo S, Isayama H, Akahane M, et al. Detection of common bile duct stones: comparison between endoscopic ultrasonography, magnetic resonance cholangiography, and helical-computed-tomographic cholangiography. Eur J Radiol. 2005 May;54(2):271-5.

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56.  De Castro VL, Moura EG, Chaves DM, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound versus magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography in suspected choledocholithiasis: a systematic review. Endosc Ultrasound. 2016 Mar-Apr;5(2):118-28.

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57.  Zhang J, Li NP, Huang BC, et al. The value of performing early non-enhanced CT in developing strategies for treating acute gallstone pancreatitis. J Gastrointest Surg. 2016 Mar;20(3):604-10.

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58.  Katz DS, Rosen MP, Blake MA, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria: right upper quadrant pain. 2013 [internet publication].

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59.  Cotton PB, Durkalski V, Romagnuolo J, et al. Effect of endoscopic sphincterotomy for suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction on pain-related disability following cholecystectomy: the EPISOD randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014 May;311(20):2101-9.

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60.  Keus F, de Jong JA, Gooszen HG, et al. Laparoscopic versus open cholecystectomy for patients with symptomatic cholecystolithiasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD006231.

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61.  Johnson AG, Hosking SW. Appraisal of the management of bile duct stones. Br J Surg. 1987 Jul;74(7):555-60.

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62.  Caddy GR, Tham TC. Gallstone disease: symptoms, diagnosis, and endoscopic management of common bile duct stones. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;20(6):1085-101.

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63.  McHenry L, Lehman G. Difficult bile duct stones. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2006 Apr;9(2):123-32.

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64.  Chung JW, Chung JB. Endoscopic papillary balloon dilation for removal of choledocholithiasis: indications, advantages, complications, and long-term follow-up results. Gut Liver. 2011 Mar;5(1):1-14.

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65.  Dasari BV, Tan CJ, Gurusamy KS, et al. Surgical versus endoscopic treatment of bile duct stones. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Dec 12;(12):CD003327.

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66.  Iranmanesh P, Frossard JL, Mugnier-Konrad B, et al. Initial cholecystectomy vs sequential common duct endoscopic assessment and subsequent cholecystectomy for suspected gallstone migration: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014 Jul;312(2):137-44.

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67.  da Costa DW, Schepers NJ, Römkens TE, et al. Endoscopic sphincterotomy and cholecystectomy in acute biliary pancreatitis. Surgeon. 2016 Apr;14(2):99-108.

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68.  Philip Rothman J, Burcharth J, Pommergaard HC, et al. Preoperative risk factors for conversion of laparoscopic cholecystectomy to open surgery - a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Dig Surg. 2016;33(5):414-23.

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69.  Costamagna G, Tringali A, Shah SK. Long-term follow-up of patients after endoscopic sphincterotomy for choledocholithiasis and risk factors for recurrence. Endoscopy. 2002 Apr;34(4):273-9.

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70.  Sugiyama M, Atomi Y. Risk factors predictive of late complications after endoscopic sphincterotomy for bile ducts stones: long-term (more than 10 years) follow-up study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002 Nov;97(11):2763-7.

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71.  Sugiyama M, Suzuki Y, Abe N, et al. Endoscopic retreatment of recurrent choledocholithiasis after sphincterotomy. Gut. 2004 Dec;53(12):1856-9.

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72.  Gurusamy KS, Davidson C, Gluud C, et al. Early versus delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy for people with acute cholecystitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jun 30;(6):CD005440.

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73.  Leung JW. Does the addition of endoscopic sphincterotomy to stent insertion improve drainage of the bile duct in acute suppurative cholangitis? Gastrointest Endosc. 2003 Oct;58(4):570-2.

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74.  Congly S, Shaffer EA. Acute cholangitis: risk factors, diagnosis and treatment. Adv Med Biol. 2012;45:147-62.

75.  van Santvoort HC, Besselink MG, de Vries AC, et al. Early endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in predicted severe acute biliary pancreatitis: a prospective multicenter study. Ann Surg. 2009 Jul;250(1):68-75.

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76.  Dumonceau JM, Devière J. Novel treatment options for Bouveret's syndrome: a comprehensive review of 61 cases of successful endoscopic treatment. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016 Nov;10(11):1245-55.

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77.  Cheng CL, Sherman S, Watkins JL, et al. Risk factors for post-ERCP pancreatitis: a prospective multicenter study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006 Jan;101(1):139-47.

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78.  Elmunzer BJ, Scheiman JM, Lehman GA, et al. A randomized trial of rectal indomethacin to prevent post-ERCP pancreatitis. N Engl J Med. 2012 Apr 12;366(15):1414-22.

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79.  Barkun AN, Rezeig M, Mehta SN, et al. Postcholecystectomy biliary leaks in the laparoscopic era: risk factors, presentation, and management. McGill Gallstone Treatment Group. Gastrointest Endosc. 1997 Mar;45(3):277-82.

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80.  Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I, et al; European Association for Endoscopic Surgery. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: the clinical practice guidelines of the European Association for Endoscopic Surgery (EAES). Surg Endosc. 2012 Nov;26(11):3003-39.

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81.  Leung JW, Chan FK, Sung JJ, et al. Endoscopic sphincterotomy-induced hemorrhage: a study of risk factors and the role of epinephrine injection. Gastrointest Endosc. 1995 Dec;42(6):550-4.

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82.  Nelson DB, Freeman ML. Major hemorrhage from endoscopic sphincterotomy: risk factor analysis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1994Dec;19(4):283-7.

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