无症状的胆石病不需要任何治疗。[44]European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL). EASL clinical practice guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of gallstones. J Hepatol. 2016 Jul;65(1):146-81.http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(16)30032-0/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27085810?tool=bestpractice.com 腹腔镜胆囊切除术是有症状的胆石症患者的首选手术方式。在以下两种情况下可以考虑在无症状的患者中进行预防性胆囊切除术:发生胆囊癌的风险增加(例如,有大的胆结石 [>3 cm] 或出现“陶瓷样”胆囊部分钙化),或者当胆囊结石形成及其并发症风险高时(例如,镰状细胞病患者)。[2]Williams CI, Shaffer EA. Gallstone disease: current therapeutic practice. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2008 Apr;11(2):71-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18321433?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Stinton LM, Shaffer EA. Epidemiology of gallbladder disease: cholelithiasis and cancer. Gut Liver. 2012 Apr;6(2):172-87.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3343155/pdf/gnl-6-172.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22570746?tool=bestpractice.com 对于接受减重手术的重度肥胖患者,通常不建议进行预防性胆囊切除术。[44]European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL). EASL clinical practice guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of gallstones. J Hepatol. 2016 Jul;65(1):146-81.http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(16)30032-0/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27085810?tool=bestpractice.com
如患者需要进行胆囊切除术,首选微创腹腔镜下胆囊切除术。当腹腔镜检查操作可能存在技术上的困难(产生气腹、关键解剖部位或考虑到可能的损伤),或由于患者相关因素产生困难(炎症、粘连、腹腔内脂肪或出血)时,有时有必要转为开腹手术。腹腔镜下与开腹胆囊切除的死亡率、并发症或手术时间没有差异。[60]Keus F, de Jong JA, Gooszen HG, et al. Laparoscopic versus open cholecystectomy for patients with symptomatic cholecystolithiasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD006231.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006231/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17054285?tool=bestpractice.com 腹腔镜胆囊切除术的首要益处为可减少住院时间和缩短恢复时间。
胆总管结石病
胆源性疼痛,超声检查中发现胆囊结石、胆总管扩张 (>6 mm) 且肝生物化学异常(特别是胆红素升高>68 μmol/L 或>4 g/dL)或胰酶升高,提示结石可能已经迁移到胆总管,引起阻塞性并发症,例如急性胆管炎(可能进一步并发肝脓肿形成)或胰腺炎。[61]Johnson AG, Hosking SW. Appraisal of the management of bile duct stones. Br J Surg. 1987 Jul;74(7):555-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3304517?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Caddy GR, Tham TC. Gallstone disease: symptoms, diagnosis, and endoscopic management of common bile duct stones. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;20(6):1085-101.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17127190?tool=bestpractice.com 内窥镜逆行性胆胰管造影 (ERCP) 结合胆道括约肌切开术和取石是避免胆总管结石并发症的首选治疗方法。 [
]How does early routine endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography compare with early conservative management in people with acute gallstone pancreatitis?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.867/full显示答案 偶尔地,10-15% 的病例行括约肌切开术和标准取石术失败,通常与结石的特点有关:体积较大 (>1.5 cm)、嵌顿或靠近狭窄处。[63]McHenry L, Lehman G. Difficult bile duct stones. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2006 Apr;9(2):123-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16539873?tool=bestpractice.com 在这些情况下,需要行碎石术(碎裂)、乳头球囊扩张或长期的胆道支架植入。[64]Chung JW, Chung JB. Endoscopic papillary balloon dilation for removal of choledocholithiasis: indications, advantages, complications, and long-term follow-up results. Gut Liver. 2011 Mar;5(1):1-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3065083/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21461066?tool=bestpractice.com 腹腔镜胆总管探查术虽然技术上有难度,但是在结石清除率方面,与 ERCP(胆囊切除术之前或之后进行的)一样有效,并且并发症发生率和死亡率相似。[65]Dasari BV, Tan CJ, Gurusamy KS, et al. Surgical versus endoscopic treatment of bile duct stones. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Dec 12;(12):CD003327.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003327.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24338858?tool=bestpractice.com [
]In adults with bile duct stones, how does surgical treatment compare with endoscopic treatment for improving outcomes?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.812/full显示答案 对于存在胆总管结石中等风险(肝脏生物化学异常伴更轻度胆红素升高;胆道胰腺炎;年龄>55 岁)的患者,初始胆囊切除术联合术中胆管造影术和胆总管探查术可能会缩短住院时间,而且不增加并发症。[66]Iranmanesh P, Frossard JL, Mugnier-Konrad B, et al. Initial cholecystectomy vs sequential common duct endoscopic assessment and subsequent cholecystectomy for suspected gallstone migration: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014 Jul;312(2):137-44.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1886191http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25005650?tool=bestpractice.com 腹腔镜胆总管探查术也可考虑用于手术造成解剖学改变的患者(例如胃部手术)或 ERCP 失败的患者。内镜下取出结石后,胆囊切除术是一种可降低复发性胆囊事件风险的确定性治疗,特别是针对胆管炎或胰腺炎。[67]da Costa DW, Schepers NJ, Römkens TE, et al. Endoscopic sphincterotomy and cholecystectomy in acute biliary pancreatitis. Surgeon. 2016 Apr;14(2):99-108.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26542765?tool=bestpractice.com
实用缝合技术的动画演示