男性乳房发育症

Nydick M, Bustos J, Dale JH Jr, et al. Gynecomastia in adolescent boys. JAMA. 1961;178:449-454.

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Nuttall FQ. Gynecomastia as a physical finding in normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1979;48:338-340.

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Niewoehner CB, Nuttall FQ. Gynecomastia in a hospitalized male population. Am J Med. 1984;77:633-637.

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Braunstein GD. Gynecomastia. New Engl J Med. 1993;328:490-495.

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Carlson HE. Gynecomastia. N Engl J Med. 1980;303:795-799.

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Shozu M, Sebastian S, Takayama K, et al. Estrogen excess associated with novel gain-of-function mutations affecting the aromatase gene. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1855-1865.

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Thompson DF, Carter JR. Drug-induced gynecomastia. Pharmacotherapy. 1993;13:37-45.

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Henley DV, Lipson N, Korach KS, et al. Prepubertal gynecomastia linked to lavender and tea tree oils. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:479-485.

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Kunath F, Keck B, Antes G, et al. Tamoxifen for the management of breast events induced by non-steroidal antiandrogens in patients with prostate cancer: a systematic review. BMC Med. 2012;10:96.

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Bhasin S, Cunningham GR, Hayes FJ, et al. Testosterone therapy in adult men with androgen deficiency syndromes: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:2536-2559.

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Janes SE, Lengyel JA, Singh S, et al. Needle core biopsy for the assessment of unilateral breast masses in men. Breast. 2006;15:273-275.

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Hines SL, Tan WW, Yasrebi M, et al. The role of mammography in male patients with breast symptoms. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007;82:297-300.

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1.  Niewoehner CB, Schorer AE. Gynaecomastia and breast cancer in men. BMJ. 2008;336:709-713.

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2.  Simon BE, Hoffman S, Kahn S. Classification and surgical correction of gynecomastia. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1973;51:48-52.

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3.  McKiernan JF, Hull D. Breast development in the newborn. Arch Dis Child. 1981;56:525-529.

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4.  Nydick M, Bustos J, Dale JH Jr, et al. Gynecomastia in adolescent boys. JAMA. 1961;178:449-454.

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5.  Nuttall FQ. Gynecomastia as a physical finding in normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1979;48:338-340.

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6.  Niewoehner CB, Nuttall FQ. Gynecomastia in a hospitalized male population. Am J Med. 1984;77:633-637.

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7.  Anderson JA, Gram JB. Male breast at autopsy. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand. 1982;90:191-197.

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8.  Travison TG, Araujo AB, Kupelian V, et al. The relative contributions of aging, health and lifestyle factors to serum testosterone decline in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:549-555.

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9.  Harman SM, Metter EJ, Tobin JD, et al. Longitudinal effects of aging on serum total and free testosterone levels in healthy men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:724-731.

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10.  Braunstein GD. Gynecomastia. New Engl J Med. 1993;328:490-495.

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11.  Carlson HE. Gynecomastia. N Engl J Med. 1980;303:795-799.

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12.  Deepinder F, Braunstein GD. Drug-induced gynecomastia: an evidence-based review. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2012;11:779-795.

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13.  Shozu M, Sebastian S, Takayama K, et al. Estrogen excess associated with novel gain-of-function mutations affecting the aromatase gene. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1855-1865.

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14.  Dobs A, Darkes MJ. Incidence and management of gynecomastia in men treated for prostate cancer. J Urol. 2005;174:1737-1742.

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15.  Schulman C, Pommerville P, Hofner K, et al. Long-term therapy with the dual 5alpha-reductase inhibitor dusteride is well tolerated in men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. BJU Int. 2006;97:73-79.

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16.  Jensen RT, Collen MJ, Pandol SJ, et al. Cimetidine-induced impotence and breast changes in patients with gastric hypersecretory states. N Engl J Med. 1983;308:883-887.

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17.  Thompson DF, Carter JR. Drug-induced gynecomastia. Pharmacotherapy. 1993;13:37-45.

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18.  Finkelstein JS, McCully WF, MacLaughlin DT, et al. The mortician's mystery: gynecomastia and reversible hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in an embalmer. N Engl J Med. 1988;318:961-964.

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19.  Harrington JM, Stein GF, Rivera RO, et al. The occupational hazards of formulating oral contraceptives: a survey of plant employees. Arch Environ Health. 1978;33:12-15.

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20.  Henley DV, Lipson N, Korach KS, et al. Prepubertal gynecomastia linked to lavender and tea tree oils. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:479-485.

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21.  Durmaz E, Ozmert EN, Erkekoglu P, et al. Plasma phthalate levels in pubertal gynecomastia. Pediatrics. 2010;125:e122-e129.

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22.  Huffman DH, Kampmann JP, Hignite CE, et al. Gynecomastia induced in normal males by spironolactone. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1978;24:465-473.

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23.  Bagatell CJ, Bremner WJ. Androgens in men: uses and abuses. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:707-714.

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24.  Perry PJ, Lund BC, Deninger MJ, et al. Anabolic steroid use in weight lifters and body builders: an internet survey of drug utilization. Clin J Sport Med. 2005;15:326-330.

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25.  Friedl KE, Yesalis CE. Self-treatment of gynecomastia in bodybuilders who use anabolic steroids. Physician Sportsmed. 1989;17:67-79.

26.  Mira JA, Lozano F, Santos J, et al. Gynaecomastia in HIV-infected men on highly active antiretroviral therapy: association with efavirenz and didanosine treatment. Antivir Ther. 2004;9:511-517.

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27.  Dobs AS, Meikle AW, Arver S, et al. Pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of a permeation-enhanced testosterone transdermal system in comparison with bi-weekly injections of testosterone enanthate for the treatment of hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84:3469-3478.

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28.  Boccardo F, Rubagotti A, Battaglia M, et al. Evaluation of tamoxifen and anastrazole in the prevention of gynecomastia and breast pain induced by bicalutamide monotherapy of prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:808-815.

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29.  Salzstein D, Sieber P, Morris T, et al. Prevention and management of bicalutamide-induced gynecomastia and breast pain: randomized endocrinologic and clinical studies with tamoxifen and anastrozole. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2005;8:75-83.

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30.  Fradet Y, Egerdie B, Andersen M, et al. Tamoxifen as prophylaxis for prevention of gynaecomastia and breast pain associated with bicalutamide 150 mg monotherapy in patients with prostate cancer: a randomised, placebo-controlled, dose-response study. Eur Urol. 2007;52:106-114.

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31.  Viani GA, Bernardes da Silva LG, Stefano EJ. Prevention of gynecomastia and breast pain caused by androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer: tamoxifen or radiotherapy? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012;83:e519-e524.

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32.  Kunath F, Keck B, Antes G, et al. Tamoxifen for the management of breast events induced by non-steroidal antiandrogens in patients with prostate cancer: a systematic review. BMC Med. 2012;10:96.

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33.  Lawrence SE, Faught KA, Vethamuthu J, et al. Beneficial effects of raloxifene and tamoxifen in the treatment of pubertal gynecomastia. J Pediatr. 2004;145:71-76.

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34.  Tyrrell CJ, Payne H, Tammela TL, et al. Prophylactic breast irradiation with a single dose of electron beam radiotherapy (10 Gy) significantly reduces the incidence of bicalutamide-induced gynecomastia. Int J Rad Oncol Biol Phys. 2004;60:476-483.

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35.  Perdona S, Autorino R, De Placido S, et al. Efficacy of tamoxifen and radiotherapy for prevention and treatment of gynecomastia and breast pain caused by bicalutamide in prostate cancer: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2005;6:295-300.

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36.  Nuttall FQ, Warrier RS, Gannon MC. Gynecomastia and drugs: a critical evaluation of the literature. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;71:569-578.

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37.  Bhasin S, Cunningham GR, Hayes FJ, et al. Testosterone therapy in adult men with androgen deficiency syndromes: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:2536-2559.

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38.  American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: evaluation of the symptomatic male breast. 2014. http://www.acr.org (last accessed 25 October 2016).

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39.  Janes SE, Lengyel JA, Singh S, et al. Needle core biopsy for the assessment of unilateral breast masses in men. Breast. 2006;15:273-275.

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40.  Hines SL, Tan WW, Yasrebi M, et al. The role of mammography in male patients with breast symptoms. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007;82:297-300.

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41.  Tangerud Å, Potapenko I, Skjerven HK, et al. Radiologic evaluation of lumps in the male breast. Acta Radiol. 2016;57:809-814.

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42.  McDermott MT, Hofeldt FD, Kidd GS. Tamoxifen therapy for painful, idiopathic gynecomastia. South Med J. 1990;83:1283-1285.

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43.  Hanavadi S, Banerjee D, Monypenny IJ, et al. The role of tamoxifen in the management of gynaecomastia. Breast. 2006;15:276-280.

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44.  Jones DJ, Holt SD, Surtees P, et al. A comparison of danazol and placebo in the treatment of adult idiopathic gynaecomastia: results of a prospective study in 55 patients. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1990;72:296-298.

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45.  Ting AC, Chow LW, Leung YF. Comparison of tamoxifen with danazol in the management of idiopathic gynecomastia. Am Surg. 2000;66:38-40.

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46.  Buckle R. Danazol therapy in gynaecomastia; recent experience and indications for therapy. Postgrad Med J. 1979;55:71-78.

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47.  Babigian A, Silverman RT. Management of gynecomastia due to use of anabolic steroids in bodybuilders. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001;107:240-242.

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48.  Fruhstorfer BH, Malata CM. A systematic approach to the surgical treatment of gynaecomastia. Br J Plast Surg. 2003;56:237-246.

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49.  Persichetti P, Berloco M, Casadei RM, et al. Gynecomastia and the complete circumareolar approach in the surgical management of skin redundancy. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001;107:948-954.

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50.  Hodgson EL, Fruhstorfer BH, Malata CM. Ultrasonic liposuction in the treatment of gynecomastia. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;116:646-653.

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51.  Gabra HO, Morabito A, Bianchi A, et al. Gynaecomastia in the adolescent: a surgically relevant condition. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2004;14:3-6.

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52.  Colombo-Benkmann M, Buse B, Stern J, et al. Indications for and results of surgical therapy for male gynecomastia. Am J Surg. 1999;178:60-63.

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53.  Trelles MA, Mordon SR, Bonanad E, et al. Laser-assisted lipolysis in the treatment of gynecomastia: a prospective study in 28 patients. Lasers Med Sci. 2013;28:375-382.

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54.  Messina M. Soybean isoflavone exposure does not have feminizing effects on men: a critical examination of the clinical evidence. Fertil Steril. 2010;93:2095-2104.

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55.  Bedognetti D, Rubagotti A, Conti G, et al. An open, randomised, multicentre, phase 3 trial comparing the efficacy of two tamoxifen schedules in preventing gynaecomastia induced by bicalutamide monotherapy in prostate cancer patients. Eur Urol. 2010;57:238-245.

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56.  Serretta V, Altieri V, Morgia G, et al. A randomized trial comparing tamoxifen therapy vs. tamoxifen prophylaxis in bicalutamide-induced gynecomastia. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2012;10:174-179.

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57.  Van Poppel H, Tyrrell CJ, Haustermans K, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of radiotherapy as treatment for bicalutamide-induced gynaecomastia and breast pain in prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2005;47:587-592.

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58.  Ozen H, Akyol F, Toktas G, et al. Is prophylactic breast radiotherapy necessary in all patients with prostate cancer and gynecomastia and/or breast pain? J Urol. 2010;184:519-524.

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59.  Tunio MA, Al-Asiri M, Al-Amro A, et al. Optimal prophylactic and definitive therapy for bicalutamide-induced gynecomastia: results of a meta-analysis. Curr Oncol. 2012;19:e280-e288.

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60.  Nuzzi LC, Cerrato FE, Erickson CR, et al. Psychosocial impact of adolescent gynecomastia: a prospective case-control study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2013;131:890-896.

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61.  Lapid O, van Wingerden JJ, Perlemuter L. Tamoxifen therapy for the management of pubertal gynecomastia: a systematic review. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2013;26:803-807.

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62.  Eberle AJ, Sparrow JT, Keenan BS. Treatment of persistent pubertal gynecomastia with dihydrotestosterone heptanoate. J Pediatr. 1986;109:144-149.

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63.  Plourde PV, Kulin HE, Santner SJ. Clomiphene in the treatment of adolescent gynecomastia. Am J Dis Child. 1983;137:1080-1082.

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64.  Koshy JC, Goldberg JS, Wolfswinkel EM, et al. Breast cancer incidence in adolescent males undergoing subcutaneous mastectomy for gynecomastia: is pathologic examination justified? A retrospective and literature review. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011;127:1-7.

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65.  Einav-Bachar R, Phillip M, Aurbach-Klipper Y, et al. Prepubertal gynaecomastia: aetiology, course and outcome. Clin Endocrinol. 2004;61:55-60.

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66.  Benveniste O, Simon A, Herson S. Successful percutaneous dihydrotestosterone treatment of gynecomastia occurring during highly active retroviral therapy: four cases and a review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:891-893.

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