肝脂肪变性

Ludwig J, Viggiano TR, McGill DB, et al. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: Mayo Clinic experiences with a hitherto unnamed disease. Mayo Clin Proc. 1980;55:434-438.

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Ong JP, Younossi ZM. Epidemiology and natural history of NAFLD and NASH. Clin Liver Dis. 2007;11:1-16.

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Sanyal AJ. AGA technical review of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology. 2002;123:1705-1725.

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Dowman JK, Tomlinson JW, Newsome PN. Systematic review: the diagnosis and staging of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;33:525-540.

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Powell EE, Cooksley WG, Hanson R, et al. The natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a follow-up of forty-two patients for up to 21 years. Hepatology. 1990;11:74-80.

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Kleiner DE, Brunt EM, Van Natta M, et al. Design and validation of a histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2005;41:1313-1321.

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Angulo P, Kleiner DE, Dam-Larsen S, et al. Liver fibrosis, but no other histologic features, is associated with long-term outcomes of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology. 2015;149:389-397.

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Garcia-Tsao G, Sanyal AJ, Grace ND, et al. Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2007;46:922-938.

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1.  Ludwig J, Viggiano TR, McGill DB, et al. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: Mayo Clinic experiences with a hitherto unnamed disease. Mayo Clin Proc. 1980;55:434-438.

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2.  Brunt EM. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: definition and pathology. Semin Liver Dis. 2001;21:3-16.

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3.  Chitturi S, Farrell GC, Hashimoto E, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the Asia-Pacific region: definitions and overview of proposed guidelines. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;22:778-787.

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4.  Papandreou D, Rousso I, Mavromichalis I. Update on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in children. Clin Nutr. 2007;26:409-415.

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5.  Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Caldwell SH. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: summary of an AASLD single topic conference. Hepatology. 2003;37:1202-1219.

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6.  Ong JP, Younossi ZM. Epidemiology and natural history of NAFLD and NASH. Clin Liver Dis. 2007;11:1-16.

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7.  Angulo P. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2006;12:523-534.

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8.  Griffen WO Jr, Bivins BA, Bell RM. The decline and fall of the jejunoileal bypass. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1983;157:301-308.

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9.  Edmison J, McCullough AJ. Pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: human data. Clin Liver Dis. 2007;11:74-104.

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10.  St-Onge MP, Janssen I, Heymsfield SB. Metabolic syndrome in normal weight Americans. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:2222-2228.

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11.  Ong JP, Elariny H, Collantes R, et al. Predictors of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and advanced fibrosis in morbidly obese patients. Obes Surg. 2005;15:310-315.

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12.  Bazick J, Donithan M, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, et al. Clinical model for NASH and advanced fibrosis in adult patients with diabetes and NAFLD: guidelines for referral in NAFLD. Diabetes Care. 2015;38:1347-1355.

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13.  Chitturi S, Abeygunasekera S, Farrell GC, et al. NASH and insulin resistance: insulin hypersecretion and specific association with the insulin resistance syndrome. Hepatology. 2002;35:373-379.

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14.  Assy N, Kaita K, Mymin D, et al. Fatty infiltration of liver in hyperlipidemic patients. Dig Dis Sci. 2000;45:1929-1934.

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15.  Donati G, Stagni B, Piscaglia F, et al. Increased prevalence of fatty liver in arterial hypertensive patients: role of insulin resistance. Gut. 2004;53:1020-1023.

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16.  Marchesini G, Bugianesi E, Forlani G, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver, steatohepatitis, and the metabolic syndrome. Hepatology. 2003;37:917-923.

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17.  Hamaguchi M, Kojima T, Takeda N, et al. The metabolic syndrome as a predictor of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Ann Intern Med. 2005;143:722-728.

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18.  Styblo T, Martin S, Kaminski DL. The effects of reversal of jejunoileal bypass operations on hepatic triglyceride content and hepatic morphology. Surgery. 1984;96:632-641.

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19.  Kelly DA. Intestinal failure-associated liver disease: what do we know today? Gastroenterology. 2006;130(2 Suppl 1):S70-S77.

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20.  Sanyal AJ. AGA technical review of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology. 2002;123:1705-1725.

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21.  Gholam PM, Flancbaum L, Machan JT, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in severely obese subjects. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102:399-408.

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22.  Minervini MI, Ruppert K, Fontes P. Liver biopsy findings from potential living liver donors: reasons for disqualification, silent diseases and correlation with liver injury tests. J Hepatol. 2009;50:501-510.

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23.  Bacon BR, Faravash MJ, Janney CG, et al. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: an expanded clinical entity. Gastroenterology. 1994;107:1103-1109.

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24.  Angulo P. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:1221-1231.

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25.  Cales P, Laine F, Boursier J, et al. Comparison of blood tests for liver fibrosis specific or not to NAFLD. J Hepatol. 2009;50:165-173.

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26.  Yilmaz Y. Systematic review: caspase-cleaved fragments of cytokeratin 18 - the promises and challenges of a biomarker for chronic liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009;30:1103-1109.

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27.  Hernaez R, Lazo M, Bonekamp S, et al. Diagnostic accuracy and reliability of ultrasonography for the detection of fatty liver: a meta-analysis. Hepatology. 2011;54:1082-1090.

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28.  Wieckowska A, Feldstein AE. Diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: invasive versus noninvasive. Semin Liver Dis. 2008;28:386-395.

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29.  Bonder A, Afdhal N. Utilization of FibroScan in clinical practice. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2014;16:372.

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30.  Dowman JK, Tomlinson JW, Newsome PN. Systematic review: the diagnosis and staging of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;33:525-540.

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31.  Angulo P, Hui JM, Marchesini G, et al. The NAFLD fibrosis score: a non-invasive system that indentifies liver fibrosis in patients with NAFLD. Hepatology. 2007;45:846-854.

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32.  Harrison SA, Oliver D, Arnold HL, et al. Development and validation of a simple NAFLD clinical scoring system for identifying patients without advanced disease. Gut. 2008;57:1441-1447.

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33.  Lee JH, Kim D, Kim HJ, et al. Hepatic steatosis index: a simple screening tool reflecting nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dig Liver Dis. 2010;42:503-508.

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34.  Li CP, Lee FY, Hwang SJ, et al. Spider angiomas in patients with liver cirrhosis: role of alcoholism and impaired liver function. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1999;34:520-523.

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35.  Diehl AM, Goodman Z, Ishak KG. Alcohol-like liver disease in nonalcoholics: a clinical and histological comparison with alcohol-induced liver injury. Gastroenterology. 1988;95:1056-1062.

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36.  Tahan V, Canbakan B, Balci H, et al. Serum gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase distinguishes non-alcoholic fatty liver disease at high risk. Hepatogastroenterology. 2008;55:1433-1438.

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37.  Angeli P, Wong F, Watson H, et al. Hyponatremia in cirrhosis: results of a patient population survey. Hepatology. 2006;44:1535-1542.

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38.  Kim WR, Biggins SW, Kremers WK, et al. Hyponatremia and mortality among patients on the liver-transplant waiting list. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1018-1026.

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39.  Cotler SJ, Kanji K, Keshavarzian A, et al. Prevalence and significance of autoantibodies in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;38:801-804.

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40.  Chitturi S, Weltman M, Farreel G, et al. HFE mutations, hepatic iron and fibrosis: ethnic-specific association of NASH with C282Y but not with fibrotic severity. Hepatology. 2002;36:142-149.

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41.  Ducommun JC, Goldberg HI, Korobkin M, et al. The relation of liver fat to computed tomography numbers: a preliminary experimental study in rabbits. Radiology. 1979;130:511-513.

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42.  Caldwell SH, Crespo DM. The spectrum expanded: cryptogenic cirrhosis and the natural history of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2004;40:578-584.

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43.  Muratori L, Granito A, Muratori P, et al. Antimitochondrial antibodies and other antibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis: diagnostic and prognostic value. Clin Liver Dis. 2008;12:261-276.

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44.  Powell EE, Cooksley WG, Hanson R, et al. The natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a follow-up of forty-two patients for up to 21 years. Hepatology. 1990;11:74-80.

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45.  Kleiner DE, Brunt EM, Van Natta M, et al. Design and validation of a histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2005;41:1313-1321.

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46.  Musso G, Gambino R, Cassader M, et al. A meta-analysis of randomized trials for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2010;52:79-104.

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47.  Thoma C, Day CP, Trenell MI. Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in adults: a systematic review. J Hepatol. 2012;56:255-266.

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48.  Keating SE, Hackett DA, George J, et al. Exercise and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hepatol. 2012;57:157-166.

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49.  Andersen T, Gludd C, Franzmann MB, et al. Hepatic effects of dietary weight loss in morbidly obese subjects. J Hepatol. 1991;12:224-229.

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50.  Zelber-Sagi S, Kessler A, Brazowsky E, et al. A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial of orlistat for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4:639-644.

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51.  Zeng MD, Fan JG, Lu LG, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases. J Dig Dis. 2008;9:108-112.

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52.  Harrison SA, Fecht W, Brunt EM, et al. Orlistat for overweight subjects with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a randomized, prospective trial. Hepatology. 2009;49:80-86.

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53.  Xanthakos SA, Jenkins TM, Kleiner DE, et al. High prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adolescents undergoing bariatric surgery. Gastroenterology. 2015;149:623-634.

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54.  Dixon JB. Surgical treatment for obesity and its impact on non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Clin Liver Dis. 2007;11:141-154.

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55.  Lassailly G, Caiazzo R, Buob D, et al. Bariatric surgery reduces features of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in morbidly obese patients. Gastroenterology. 2015;149:379-388.

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56.  Chavez-Tapia NC, Tellez-Avila FI, Barrientos-Gutierrez T, et al. Bariatric surgery for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in obese patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(1):CD007340.

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57.  Loomba R, Lutchman G, Kleiner DE, et al. Clinical trial: pilot study of metformin for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008;29:172-182.

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58.  Zhang ZF, Zhao G, Zhu Y, et al. Efficacy of metformin in the treatment of adult nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a meta-analysis. World Chin J Digestol. 2010;16:1717-1723.

59.  Nobili V, Manco M, Ciampalini P, et al. Metformin use in children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: an open-label, 24 month, observational pilot study. Clin Ther. 2008;30:1168-1176.

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60.  Menon KV, Angulo P, Lindor KD. Severe cholestatic hepatitis from troglitazone in a patient with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and diabetes mellitus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96:1631-1634.

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61.  Ratziu V, Giral P, Jacqueminet S, et al. Rosiglitazone for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: one-year results of the randomized placebo-controlled Fatty Liver Improvement with Rosiglitazone Therapy (FLIRT) trial. Gastroenterology. 2008;135:100-110.

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62.  Psaty BM, Furberg CD. Rosiglitazone and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:2522-2524.

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63.  European Medicines Agency. Questions and answers on the suspension of rosiglitazone-containing medicines (Avandia, Avandamet and Avaglim). September 2010. http://www.ema.europa.eu/ (last accessed 22 April 2017).

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64.  Belfort R, Harrison SA, Brown K, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of pioglitazone in subjects with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:2297-2307.

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65.  Aithal GP, Thomas JA, Kaye PV, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of pioglitazone in nondiabetic subjects with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology. 2008;135:1176-1184.

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66.  Boettcher E, Csako G, Pucino F, et al. Meta-analysis: pioglitazone improves liver histology and fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2012;35:66-75.

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67.  Kashi MR, Torres DM, Harrison SA. Current and emerging therapies in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Semin Liv Dis. 2008;4:396-405.

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68.  Mahady SE, Webster AC, Walker S, et al. The role of thiazolidinediones in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a systematic review and meta analysis. J Hepatol. 2011;55:1383-1390.

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69.  Lutchman G, Modi A, Kleiner DE, et al. The effects of discontinuing pioglitazone in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology. 2007;46:424-429.

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70.  de Denus S, Spinler SA, Miller K, et al. Statins and liver toxicity: a meta-analysis. Pharmacotherapy. 2004;24:584-591.

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71.  Athyros VG, Tziomalos K, Gossios TD, et al. Safety and efficacy of long-term statin treatment for cardiovascular events in patients with coronary heart disease and abnormal liver tests in the Greek Atorvastatin and Coronary Heart Disease Evaluation (GREACE) Study: a post-hoc analysis. Lancet. 2010;376:1916-1922.

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72.  Chalasani N. Statins and hepatotoxicity: focus on patients with fatty liver. Hepatology. 2005;41:690-695.

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73.  Hyogo H, Tazuma S, Arihiro K, et al. Efficacy of atorvastatin for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with dyslipidemia. Metabolism. 2008;57:1711-1718.

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74.  Foster T, Budoff MJ, Saab S, et al. Atorvastatin and antioxidants for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the St Francis Heart Study randomized clinical trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011;106:71-77.

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75.  Nelson A, Torres DM, Morgan AE, et al. A pilot study using simvastatin in the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2009;43:990-994.

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76.  Basaranoglu M, Achbay O, Sonsuz A. A controlled trial of gemfibrozil in the treatment of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Hepatol. 1999;31:384.

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77.  Merat S, Aduli M, Kazemi R, et al. Liver histology changes in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis after one year of treatment with probucol. Dig Dis Sci. 2008;53:2246-2250.

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78.  Nseir W, Mograbi J, Ghali M. Lipid-lowering agents in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis: human studies. Dig Dis Sci. 2012;57:1773-1781.

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79.  Lavine JE, Schwimmer JB, Van Natta ML, et al. Effect of vitamin E or metformin for treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children and adolescents: the TONIC randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2011;305:1659-1668.

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80.  Harrison SA, Torgerson S, Hayashi P, et al. Vitamin E and vitamin C treatment improves fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98:2485-2490.

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81.  Sanyal AJ, Chalasani N, Kowdley KV, et al. Pioglitazone, vitamin E, or placebo for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1675-1685.

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82.  Lindor KD, Kowdley KV, Heathcote EJ, et al. Ursodeoxycholic acid for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: results of a randomized trial. Hepatology. 2004;39:770-778.

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83.  Leuschner UF, Lindenthal B, Herrmann G, et al. High-dose ursodeoxycholic acid therapy for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a double-blinded randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Hepatology. 2010;52:472-479.

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84.  Oh B, Choi WS, Park SB, et al. Efficacy and safety of ursodeoxycholic acid composite on fatigued patients with elevated liver function and/or fatty liver: a multi-centre, randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Int J Clin Pract. 2016;70:302-311.

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85.  Boyer TD, Haskal ZJ; American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. The role of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation in the management of portal hypertension. Hepatology. 2005;41:386-400.

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86.  Charlton MR, Burns JM, Pedersen RA, et al. Frequency and outcomes of liver transplantation for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in the United States. Gastroenterology. 2011;141:1249-1253.

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87.  Malik SM, deVera ME, Fontes P, et al. Outcome after liver transplantation for NASH cirrhosis. Am J Transplant. 2009;9:782-793.

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88.  Vanwagner LB, Bhave M, Te HS, et al. Patients transplanted for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are at increased risk for post-operative cardiovascular events. Hepatology. 2012;56:1741-1750.

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89.  Nissen SE, Wolski K. Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:2457-2471.

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90.  Adams LA, Zein CO, Angulo P, et al. A pilot trial of pentoxifylline in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99:2365-2368.

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91.  Zein CO, Yerian LM, Gogate P, et al. Pentoxifylline improves nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Hepatology. 2011;54:1610-1619.

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92.  Zein CO, Lopez R, Fu X, et al. Pentoxifylline decreases oxidized lipid products in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: new evidence on the potential therapeutic mechanism. Hepatology. 2012;56:1291-1299.

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93.  Ding X, Saxena NK, Lin S, et al. Exendin-4, a glucagon-like protein-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, reverses hepatic steatosis in ob/ob mice. Hepatology. 2006;43:173-181.

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94.  Georgescu EF. Angiotensin receptor blockers in the treatment of NASH/NAFLD: could they be a first class option? Adv Ther. 2008;25:1141-1174.

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95.  Abdelmalek MF, Angulo P, Jorgensen RA, et al. Betaine, a promising new agent for patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: results of a pilot study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96:2711-2717.

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96.  Masterton GS, Plevris JN, Hayes PC. Review article: omega-3 fatty acids - a promising novel therapy for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010;31:679-692.

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97.  Parker HM, Johnson NA, Burdon CA, et al. Omega-3 supplementation and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hepatol. 2012;56:944-951.

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98.  Malaguarnera M, Gargante MP, Volti GG. L-carnitine supplementation to diet: a new tool in treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis - a randomized and controlled clinical trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105:1338-1345.

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99.  Safadi R, Konikoff FM, Mahamid M, et al. The fatty acid-bile acid conjugate Aramchol reduces liver fat content in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12:2085-2091.e1.

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100.  Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Loomba R, Sanyal AJ, et al. Farnesoid X nuclear receptor ligand obeticholic acid for non-cirrhotic, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (FLINT): a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2015;385:956-965.

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101.  Ekstedt M, Franzén LE, Mathiesen UL, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with NAFLD and elevated liver enzymes. Hepatology. 2006;44:865-873.

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102.  Angulo P, Kleiner DE, Dam-Larsen S, et al. Liver fibrosis, but no other histologic features, is associated with long-term outcomes of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology. 2015;149:389-397.

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103.  Charlton M. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a review of current understanding and future impact. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;2:1048-1058.

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104.  Contos MJ, Cales W, Sterling RK, et al. Development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease after orthotopic liver transplantation for cryptogenic cirrhosis. Liver Transpl. 2001;7:363-373.

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105.  Blonsky JJ, Harrison SA. Review article: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatitis C virus - partners in crime. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008;27:855-865.

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106.  Gines P, Quintero E, Arroyo V, et al. Compensated cirrhosis: natural history and prognostic factors. Hepatology. 1987;7:122-128.

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107.  D'Amico G, Morabito A, Pagliaro L, et al. Survival and prognostic indicators in compensated and decompensated cirrhosis. Dig Dis Sci. 1986;31:468-475.

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108.  Grace ND. Prevention of initial variceal hemorrhage. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1992;21:149-161.

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110.  Poordad FF. Review article: the burden of hepatic encephalopathy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;25(suppl 1):3-9.

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111.  Colombo M, de Franchis R, Del Ninno E, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in Italian patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:675-680.

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112.  Reddy SK, Steel JL, Chen HW, et al. Outcomes of curative treatment for hepatocellular cancer in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis versus hepatitis C and alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology. 2012;55:1809-1819.

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113.  Younossi ZM, Otgonsuren M, Henry L, et al. Association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the United States from 2004-2009. Hepatology. 2015;62:1723-1730.

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115.  Treeprasertsuk S, Lopez-Jimenez F, Lindor KD. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and the coronary artery disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2011;56:35-45.

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116.  Infante-Rivard C, Esnaola S, Villeneuve JP. Clinical and statistical validity of conventional prognostic factors in predicting short-term survival among cirrhotics. Hepatology. 1987;7:660-664.

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117.  Malik SM, Gupte PA, de Vera ME, et al. Outcomes following liver transplantation in patients with NASH-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7:800-806.

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118.  Heimbach J, Kulik LM, Finn R, et al. AASLD guidelines for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2017 Jan 28 [Epub ahead of print].

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119.  Garcia-Tsao G, Sanyal AJ, Grace ND, et al. Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2007;46:922-938.

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120.  Kim DK, Riley LE, Harriman KH, et al. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended immunization schedule for adults aged 19 years or older - United States, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66:136-138.

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