非酒精性脂肪性肝病的自然病史
很少有患者被前瞻性观察以记录非酒精性脂肪性肝病的自然病史。自然病史似乎取决于诊断时非酒精性脂肪性肝病的组织学亚型。仅有脂肪变性(无活动性炎症证据的脂肪肝)患者的总体预后被认为是好的,多数患者一生病情稳定。而被认为是非酒精性脂肪性肝病进展型的非酒精性脂肪性肝炎则不是这样。一项关于有系列肝脏活检患者的研究发现, 37% 的患者出现纤维化分期进展, 34% 的患者保持稳定, 29% 的患者出现好转。[101]Ekstedt M, Franzén LE, Mathiesen UL, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with NAFLD and elevated liver enzymes. Hepatology. 2006;44:865-873.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.21327/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17006923?tool=bestpractice.com纤维化进展的独立预测因素包括糖尿病、低的初始纤维化分期和更高的体重指数。在平均随访 14 年时发现,非酒精性脂肪性肝炎与全因死亡率增加有关,增加的原因主要是心血管疾病,在较小程度上是肝病相关的原因。[101]Ekstedt M, Franzén LE, Mathiesen UL, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with NAFLD and elevated liver enzymes. Hepatology. 2006;44:865-873.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.21327/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17006923?tool=bestpractice.com在脂肪肝患者的纵向研究中,纤维化分期(但没有其他组织学特征)与长期预后相关。[102]Angulo P, Kleiner DE, Dam-Larsen S, et al. Liver fibrosis, but no other histologic features, is associated with long-term outcomes of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology. 2015;149:389-397.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25935633?tool=bestpractice.com
非酒精性脂肪性肝炎的患者中 9% 到 20% 进展为肝硬化。这些患者中的1/3将由于肝衰竭的并发症而死亡或需要肝移植。[6]Ong JP, Younossi ZM. Epidemiology and natural history of NAFLD and NASH. Clin Liver Dis. 2007;11:1-16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17544968?tool=bestpractice.com随着非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者数目的增加,继发于 NASH 肝硬化的终末期肝病正成为肝移植的主要适应证。[86]Charlton MR, Burns JM, Pedersen RA, et al. Frequency and outcomes of liver transplantation for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in the United States. Gastroenterology. 2011;141:1249-1253.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21726509?tool=bestpractice.com[103]Charlton M. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a review of current understanding and future impact. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;2:1048-1058.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15625647?tool=bestpractice.com
肝移植后的复发性非酒精性脂肪性肝病现在是公认的现象。肝移植后脂肪变性的发生率从 25% 到 100%,非酒精性脂肪性肝炎的发生率从 10% 到 37.5%。[104]Contos MJ, Cales W, Sterling RK, et al. Development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease after orthotopic liver transplantation for cryptogenic cirrhosis. Liver Transpl. 2001;7:363-373.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1053/jlts.2001.23011/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11303298?tool=bestpractice.com
合并丙型肝炎
高达80%的慢性丙型肝炎患者受到肝脂肪变性的影响。丙型肝炎并发脂肪肝会加重疾病进展,增加原发性肝癌的风险,并且会降低抗病毒药物治疗的反应。[105]Blonsky JJ, Harrison SA. Review article: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatitis C virus - partners in crime. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008;27:855-865.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03672.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18315584?tool=bestpractice.com