儿童下肢旋转畸形

Staheli LT. Rotational problems in children. Instr Course Lect. 1994;43:199-209.

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Staheli LT, Corbett M, Wyss C, et al. Lower-extremity rotational problems in children: normal values to guide management. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1985;67:39-47.

• 摘要

1.  Staheli LT. Rotational problems in children. Instr Course Lect. 1994;43:199-209.

• 摘要

2.  Staheli LT, Corbett M, Wyss C, et al. Lower-extremity rotational problems in children: normal values to guide management. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1985;67:39-47.

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3.  Engel GM, Staheli LT. The natural history of torsion and other factors influencing gait in childhood: a study of the angle of gait, tibial torsion, knee angle, hip rotation, and development of the arch in normal children. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1974;(99):12-17.

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4.  Hensinger RN. Standards in orthopedics: tables, charts, and graphs illustrating growth. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1986.

5.  Jacquemier M, Glard Y, Pomero V, et al. Rotational profile of the lower limb in 1319 healthy children. Gait Posture. 2008;28:187-193.

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6.  Reeder BM, Lyne ED, Patel DR, et al. Referral patterns to a pediatric orthopedic clinic: implications for education and practice. Pediatrics. 2004;113:e163-e167.

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7.  Cheng JC, Chan PS, Chiang SC, et al. Angular and rotational profile of the lower limb in 2,630 Chinese children. J Pediatr Orthop. 1991;11:154-161.

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8.  Craxford AD, Minns RJ, Park C. Plantar pressures and gait parameters: a study of foot shape and limb rotations in children. J Pediatr Orthop. 1984;4:477-481.

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9.  Losel S, Burgess-Milliron MJ, Micheli LJ, et al. A simplified technique for determining foot progression angle in children 4 to 16 years of age. J Pediatr Orthop. 1996;16:570-574.

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10.  Dias LS, Jasty MJ, Collins P. Rotational deformities of the lower limb in myelomeningocele: evaluation and treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1984;66:215-223.

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11.  Fraser RK, Menelaus MB. The management of tibial torsion in patients with spina bifida. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1993;75:495-497.

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12.  Wren TA, Rethlefsen S, Kay RM. Prevalence of specific gait abnormalities in children with cerebral palsy: influence of cerebral palsy subtype, age, and previous surgery. J Pediatr Orthop. 2005;25:79-83.

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13.  Rethlefsen SA, Healy BS, Wren TA, et al. Causes of intoeing gait in children with cerebral palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88:2175-2180.

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14.  Laplaza FJ, Root L, Tassanawipas A, et al. Femoral torsion and neck-shaft angles in cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Orthop. 1993;13:192-199.

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15.  Robin J, Graham HK, Selber P, et al. Proximal femoral geometry in cerebral palsy: a population-based cross-sectional study. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2008;90:1372-1379.

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16.  Lampert C, Thomann B, Brunner R. Tibial torsion deformities. Orthopade. 2000;29:802-807.

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17.  Sutherland DH, Schottstaedt ER, Larsen LJ, et al. Clinical and electromyographic study of seven spastic children with internal rotation gait. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1969;51:1070-1082.

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18.  Steel HH. Gluteus medius and minimus insertion advancement for correction of internal rotation gait in spastic cerebral palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1980;62:919-927.

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19.  Chong KC, Vojnic CD, Quanbury AO, et al. The assessment of the internal rotation gait in cerebral palsy: an electromyographic gait analysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1978;(132):145-150.

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20.  Joseph B. Treatment of internal rotation gait due to gluteus medius and minimus overactivity in cerebral palsy: anatomical rationale of a new surgical procedure and preliminary results in twelve hips. Clin Anat. 1998;11:22-28.

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21.  Crane L. Femoral torsion and its relation to toeing-in and toeing-out. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1959;41-A:421-428.

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22.  Altinel L, Kose KC, Aksoy Y, et al. Hip rotation degrees, intoeing problem, and sitting habits in nursery school children: an analysis of 1,134 cases. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc. 2007;41:190-194.

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23.  Kim HD, Lee DS, Eom MJ, et al. Relationship between physical examinations and two-dimensional computed tomographic findings in children with intoeing gait. Ann Rehabil Med. 2011;35:491-498.

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24.  Svenningsen S, Terjesen T, Auflem M, et al. Hip rotation and in-toeing gait: a study of normal subjects from four years until adult age. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1990;(251):177-182.

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25.  Davids JR, Davis RB. Tibial torsion: significance and measurement. Gait Posture. 2007;26:169-171.

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26.  Davids JR, Davis RB, Jameson LC, et al. Surgical management of persistent intoeing gait due to increased internal tibial torsion in children. J Pediatr Orthop. J Pediatr Orthop. 2014;34:467-473.

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27.  Krackow KA, Mandeville DS, Rachala SR, et al. Torsion deformity and joint loading for medial knee osteoarthritis. Gait Posture. 2011;33:625-629.

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28.  MacWilliams BA, McMulkin ML, Baird GO, et al. Distal tibial rotation osteotomies normalize frontal plane knee moments. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010;92:2835-2842.

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29.  Turner MS, Smillie IS. The effect of tibial torsion of the pathology of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1981;63-B:396-398.

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30.  Yagi T. Tibial torsion in patients with medial-type osteoarthrotic knees. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1994;(302):52-56.

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31.  Eckhoff DG. Effect of limb malrotation on malalignment and osteoarthritis. Orthop Clin North Am. 1994;25:405-414.

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32.  Eckhoff DG, Johnston RJ, Stamm ER, et al. Version of the osteoarthritic knee. J Arthroplasty. 1994;9:73-79.

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33.  Trost J. Physical assessment and observational gait analysis. In: Gage JR, ed. The treatment of gait problems in cerebral palsy. London, UK: Mac Keith Press; 2004:79-80, 187, 212.

34.  Somerville EW. Persistent foetal alignment of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1957;39-B:106-113.

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35.  Schwartz M, Lakin G. The effect of tibial torsion on the dynamic function of the soleus during gait. Gait Posture. 2003;17:113-118.

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36.  Coon V, Donato G, Houser C, et al. Normal ranges of hip motion in infants six weeks, three months and six months of age. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1975;(110):256-260.

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37.  Hoffer MM. Joint motion limitation in newborns. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1980;(148):94-96.

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38.  Siegel DB, Kasser JR, Sponseller P, et al. Slipped capital femoral epiphysis: a quantitative analysis of motion, gait, and femoral remodeling after in situ fixation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1991;73:659-666.

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39.  Song KM, Halliday S, Reilly C, et al. Gait abnormalities following slipped capital femoral epiphysis. J Pediatr Orthop. 2004;24:148-155.

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40.  Post WR, Teitge R, Amis A. Patellofemoral malalignment: looking beyond the viewbox. Clin Sports Med. 2002;21:521-546.

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41.  Cooke TD, Price N, Fisher B, et al. The inwardly pointing knee: an unrecognized problem of external rotational malalignment. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1990;(260):56-60.

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42.  Halpern AA, Tanner J, Rinsky L. Does persistent fetal femoral anteversion contribute to osteoarthritis?: a preliminary report. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1979;(145):213-216.

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43.  Flandry F, Hughston JC. Complications of extensor mechanism surgery for patellar malalignment. Am J Orthop. 1995;24:534-543.

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44.  James SL. Chondromalacia of the patella in the adolescent. In: Kennedy JC, ed. The injured adolescent knee. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1979:205-251.

45.  Stefko RM, de Swart RJ, Dodgin DA, et al. Kinematic and kinetic analysis of distal derotational osteotomy of the leg in children with cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Orthop. 1998;18:81-87.

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46.  The Easter Seal Society. The Easter Seal guide to children's orthopaedics: prevention, screening and problem solving. 2008 (originally published 1982). http://www.global-help.org (last accessed 13 March 2016).

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47.  Delgado ED, Schoenecker PL, Rich MM, et al. Treatment of severe torsional malalignment syndrome. J Pediatr Orthop. 1996;16:484-488.

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48.  Lincoln TL, Suen PW. Common rotational variations in children. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2003;11:312-320.

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49.  Lee SH, Chung CY, Park MS, et al. Tibial torsion in cerebral palsy: validity and reliability of measurement. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009;467:2098-2104.

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50.  Hazlewood ME, Simmons AN, Johnson WT, et al. The Footprint method to assess transmalleolar axis. Gait Posture. 2007;25:597-603.

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51.  Ruwe PA, Gage JR, Ozonoff MB, et al. Clinical determination of femoral anteversion: a comparison with established techniques. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1992;74:820-830.

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52.  Davids JR, Benfanti P, Blackhurst DW, et al. Assessment of femoral anteversion in children with cerebral palsy: accuracy of the trochanteric prominence angle test. J Pediatr Orthop. 2002;22:173-178.

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53.  Chung CY, Lee KM, Park MS, et al. Validity and reliability of measuring femoral anteversion and neck-shaft angle in patients with cerebral palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010;92:1195-1205.

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54.  Greene WB. Genu varum and genu valgum in children: differential diagnosis and guidelines for evaluation. Compr Ther. 1996;22:22-29.

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55.  Perry J, Hoffer MM, Giovan P, et al. Gait analysis of the triceps surae in cerebral palsy: a preoperative and postoperative clinical and electromyographic study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1974;56:511-520.

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56.  Shtarker H, Volpin G, Stolero J, et al. Correction of combined angular and rotational deformities by the Ilizarov method. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2002;(402):184-195.

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57.  Jakob RP, Haertel M, Stussi E. Tibial torsion calculated by computerised tomography and compared to other methods of measurement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1980;62-B:238-242.

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58.  Paley D, Tetsworth K. Mechanical axis deviation of the lower limbs: preoperative planning of uniapical angular deformities of the tibia or femur. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1992;(280):48-64.

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59.  Davids JR, Blackhurst DW, Allen BL Jr. Clinical evaluation of bowed legs in children. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2000;9:278-284.

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60.  Langenskiöld A. Tibia vara: a critical review. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989;(246):195-207.

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61.  Langenskioeld A, Riska EB. Tibia vara (osteochondrosis deformans tibiae): a survey of seventy-one cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1964;46:1405-1420.

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62.  Murphy SB, Simon SR, Kijewski PK, et al. Femoral anteversion. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1987;69:1169-1176.

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63.  Hudson D, Royer T, Richards J. Ultrasound measurements of torsions in the tibia and femur. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88:138-143.

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64.  Schneider B, Laubenberger J, Jemlich S, et al. Measurement of femoral antetorsion and tibial torsion by magnetic resonance imaging. Br J Radiol. 1997;70:575-579.

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65.  Bruce WD, Stevens PM. Surgical correction of miserable malalignment syndrome. J Pediatr Orthop. 2004;24:392-396.

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66.  Stevens PM, Anderson D. Correction of anteversion in skeletally immature patients: percutaneous osteotomy and transtrochanteric intramedullary rod. J Pediatr Orthop. 2008;28:277-283.

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67.  Schoenecker PL, Rich MM. The lower extremity. In: Morrissy RT, Weinstein SL, eds. Lovell and Winter's pediatric orthopaedics. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006:1160-1163.

68.  Kling TF Jr, Hensinger RN. Angular and torsional deformities of the lower limbs in children. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1983;(176):136-147.

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69.  Dodgin DA, De Swart RJ, Stefko RM, et al. Distal tibial/fibular derotation osteotomy for correction of tibial torsion: review of technique and results in 63 cases. J Pediatr Orthop. 1998;18:95-101.

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70.  Redmond AC. An evaluation of the use of gait plate inlays in the short-term management of the intoeing child. Foot Ankle Int. 1998;19:144-148.

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71.  Redmond AC. The effectiveness of gait plates in controlling in-toeing symptoms in young children. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2000;90:70-76.

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72.  Uden H, Kumar S. Non-surgical management of a pediatric "intoed" gait pattern - a systematic review of the current best evidence. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2012;5:27-35.

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73.  Staheli LT. Torsion: treatment indications. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989;(247):61-66.

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74.  Gage JR, Schwartz M. Pathological gait and lever-arm dysfunction. In: Gage JR, ed. The treatment of gait problems in cerebral palsy. London, UK: Mac Keith Press; 2004:180-204.

75.  King HA, Staheli LT. Torsional problems in cerebral palsy. Foot Ankle. 1984;4:180-184.

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76.  Rethlefsen SA, Kay RM. Transverse plane gait problems in children with cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Orthop. 2013;33:422-430.

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77.  Rushforth GF. The natural history of hooked forefoot. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1978;60-B:530-532.

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78.  Farsetti P, Weinstein SL, Ponseti IV. The long-term functional and radiographic outcomes of untreated and non-operatively treated metatarsus adductus. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1994;76:257-265.

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79.  Staheli LT. Torsional deformity. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1977;24:799-811.

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80.  Fuchs R, Staheli LT. Sprinting and intoeing. J Pediatr Orthop. 1996;16:489-491.

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81.  Staheli LT, Engel GM. Tibial torsion: a method of assessment and a survey of normal children. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1972;86:183-186.

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82.  Watanabe RS. Embryology of the human hip. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1974;(98):8-26.

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83.  Walker JM. Comparison of normal and abnormal human fetal hip joints: a quantitative study with significance to congenital hip disease. J Pediatr Orthop. 1983;3:173-183.

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84.  Fabry G, MacEwen GD, Shands AR Jr. Torsion of the femur: a follow-up study in normal and abnormal conditions. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1973;55:1726-1738.

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85.  Fabry G, Cheng LX, Molenaers G. Normal and abnormal torsional development in children. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1994;(302):22-26.

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86.  Hubbard DD, Staheli LT, Chew DE, et al. Medial femoral torsion and osteoarthritis. J Pediatr Orthop. 1988;8:540-542.

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87.  Tonnis D, Heinecke A. Diminished femoral antetorsion syndrome: a cause of pain and osteoarthritis. J Pediatr Orthop. 1991;11:419-431.

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88.  Goutallier D, Van Driessche S, Manicom O, et al. Influence of lower-limb torsion on long-term outcomes of tibial valgus osteotomy for medial compartment knee osteoarthritis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88:2439-2447.

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89.  Akcali O, Tiner M, Ozaksoy D. Effects of lower extremity rotation on prognosis of flexible flatfoot in children. Foot Ankle Int. 2000;21:772-774.

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90.  Inman VT. Hallux valgus: a review of etiologic factors. Orthop Clin North Am. 1974;5:59-66.

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91.  Bramer JA, Maas M, Dallinga RJ, et al. Increased external tibial torsion and osteochondritis dissecans of the knee. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004;(422):175-179.

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92.  Edeen J, Dainer RD, Barrack RL, et al. Results of conservative treatment of recalcitrant anterior knee pain in active young adults. Orthop Rev. 1992;21:593-599.

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93.  Beals RK. Developmental changes in the femur and acetabulum in spastic paraplegia and diplegia. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1969;11:303-313.

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94.  Lewis FR, Samilson RR, Lucas DB. Femoral torsion and coax valga in cerebral palsy: a preliminary report. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1964;6:591-597.

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95.  Bobroff ED, Chambers HG, Sartoris DJ, et al. Femoral anteversion and neck-shaft angle in children with cerebral palsy. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1999;(364):194-204.

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