足内翻或足外翻、旋转程度与该年龄均值的偏离在 2 倍标准差以内的健康(无共患症)患者
虽然婴幼儿的旋转程度差异很大,但根据自然病程,5 至 6 岁前会逐渐恢复正常。绝大多数扭转变异会在生长过程中纠正,因为倾斜度、软组织柔韧性和肌肉协调性会在行走动作的开始和成熟过程中改变。
扭转变异不会引起其他关节或脊柱的长期问题。没有证据表明内旋或外旋的肢体会增加跌倒的风险或造成功能障碍。[79]Staheli LT. Torsional deformity. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1977;24:799-811.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/927942?tool=bestpractice.com跑步时的足内翻往往在短跑运动员中更为常见,它可以使趾屈肌更有效地加强推离动作。[80]Fuchs R, Staheli LT. Sprinting and intoeing. J Pediatr Orthop. 1996;16:489-491.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8784703?tool=bestpractice.com
胫骨扭转:正常胫骨在出生时外旋 5°,在骨骼成熟时增加至 15°至 20°。[81]Staheli LT, Engel GM. Tibial torsion: a method of assessment and a survey of normal children. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1972;86:183-186.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5047787?tool=bestpractice.com胫骨内旋 (MTT) 通常在生理弓形消退 1 至 2 年后纠正。胫骨外旋 (LTT) 在婴儿期不如 MTT 常见,但更可能持续到儿童期后期。严重时可能降低行走敏捷度和速度。LTT 通常不会在生长过程中消退。[73]Staheli LT. Torsion: treatment indications. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989;(247):61-66.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2676305?tool=bestpractice.com
多数新生儿都有髋外旋挛缩,人们认为这是宫内姿势造成的。一般会在学步初期消退,此时可能会发现足内翻,通常由 MTT 引起。股骨扭转:股骨前倾(内旋)在 10 岁前从约 40°(范围:15°至 50°)减少至 20°(范围:10°至 35°)。[1]Staheli LT. Rotational problems in children. Instr Course Lect. 1994;43:199-209.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9097150?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Staheli LT, Corbett M, Wyss C, et al. Lower-extremity rotational problems in children: normal values to guide management. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1985;67:39-47.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3968103?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Engel GM, Staheli LT. The natural history of torsion and other factors influencing gait in childhood: a study of the angle of gait, tibial torsion, knee angle, hip rotation, and development of the arch in normal children. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1974;(99):12-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4825705?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Hensinger RN. Standards in orthopedics: tables, charts, and graphs illustrating growth. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1986.[82]Watanabe RS. Embryology of the human hip. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1974;(98):8-26.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4817247?tool=bestpractice.com[83]Walker JM. Comparison of normal and abnormal human fetal hip joints: a quantitative study with significance to congenital hip disease. J Pediatr Orthop. 1983;3:173-183.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6683279?tool=bestpractice.com有限的证据表明,成人的前倾与身体活动能力或髋关节骨关节炎有关联。[31]Eckhoff DG. Effect of limb malrotation on malalignment and osteoarthritis. Orthop Clin North Am. 1994;25:405-414.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8028884?tool=bestpractice.com[84]Fabry G, MacEwen GD, Shands AR Jr. Torsion of the femur: a follow-up study in normal and abnormal conditions. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1973;55:1726-1738.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4804993?tool=bestpractice.com[85]Fabry G, Cheng LX, Molenaers G. Normal and abnormal torsional development in children. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1994;(302):22-26.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8168306?tool=bestpractice.com[86]Hubbard DD, Staheli LT, Chew DE, et al. Medial femoral torsion and osteoarthritis. J Pediatr Orthop. 1988;8:540-542.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3049668?tool=bestpractice.com[87]Tonnis D, Heinecke A. Diminished femoral antetorsion syndrome: a cause of pain and osteoarthritis. J Pediatr Orthop. 1991;11:419-431.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1860937?tool=bestpractice.com股骨内旋 (MFT) 不会导致畸形足,畸形足也不会导致 MFT。
足内翻或足外翻、旋转程度与该年龄均值的差值大于 2 倍标准差的健康(无共患症)患者
多数扭转畸形会在正常的生长和发育过程中消退。越来越多的证据表明,残留的下肢扭转性力线异常可能与髋关节、膝关节和踝关节过早出现的骨关节炎相关。[41]Cooke TD, Price N, Fisher B, et al. The inwardly pointing knee: an unrecognized problem of external rotational malalignment. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1990;(260):56-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2225643?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Turner MS, Smillie IS. The effect of tibial torsion of the pathology of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1981;63-B:396-398.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7263753?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Yagi T. Tibial torsion in patients with medial-type osteoarthrotic knees. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1994;(302):52-56.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8168322?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Eckhoff DG. Effect of limb malrotation on malalignment and osteoarthritis. Orthop Clin North Am. 1994;25:405-414.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8028884?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Halpern AA, Tanner J, Rinsky L. Does persistent fetal femoral anteversion contribute to osteoarthritis?: a preliminary report. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1979;(145):213-216.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/535277?tool=bestpractice.com[88]Goutallier D, Van Driessche S, Manicom O, et al. Influence of lower-limb torsion on long-term outcomes of tibial valgus osteotomy for medial compartment knee osteoarthritis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88:2439-2447.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17079402?tool=bestpractice.com过度 LTT 与进行性马蹄平底足力线异常、拇外翻力线异常及膝关节的剥脱性骨软骨炎相关。[3]Engel GM, Staheli LT. The natural history of torsion and other factors influencing gait in childhood: a study of the angle of gait, tibial torsion, knee angle, hip rotation, and development of the arch in normal children. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1974;(99):12-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4825705?tool=bestpractice.com[89]Akcali O, Tiner M, Ozaksoy D. Effects of lower extremity rotation on prognosis of flexible flatfoot in children. Foot Ankle Int. 2000;21:772-774.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11023226?tool=bestpractice.com[90]Inman VT. Hallux valgus: a review of etiologic factors. Orthop Clin North Am. 1974;5:59-66.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4809546?tool=bestpractice.com[91]Bramer JA, Maas M, Dallinga RJ, et al. Increased external tibial torsion and osteochondritis dissecans of the knee. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004;(422):175-179.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15187853?tool=bestpractice.com
无脑瘫的扭转性力线异常综合征
根据自然病程,症状会进展,很少消退。[65]Bruce WD, Stevens PM. Surgical correction of miserable malalignment syndrome. J Pediatr Orthop. 2004;24:392-396.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15205621?tool=bestpractice.com[92]Edeen J, Dainer RD, Barrack RL, et al. Results of conservative treatment of recalcitrant anterior knee pain in active young adults. Orthop Rev. 1992;21:593-599.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1603609?tool=bestpractice.com
脑瘫儿童的扭转性力线异常
根据自然病程,症状会进展,很少消退。[93]Beals RK. Developmental changes in the femur and acetabulum in spastic paraplegia and diplegia. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1969;11:303-313.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5794162?tool=bestpractice.com[94]Lewis FR, Samilson RR, Lucas DB. Femoral torsion and coax valga in cerebral palsy: a preliminary report. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1964;6:591-597.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14248477?tool=bestpractice.com[95]Bobroff ED, Chambers HG, Sartoris DJ, et al. Femoral anteversion and neck-shaft angle in children with cerebral palsy. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1999;(364):194-204.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10416409?tool=bestpractice.com