热性惊厥的发生取决于患儿个体的惊厥发作阈值体温(在其他因素中)。[1]Capovilla G, Mastrangelo M, Romeo A, et al. Recommendations for the management of "febrile seizures": Ad Hoc Task Force of LICE Guidelines Commission. Epilepsia. 2009 Jan;50(suppl 1):S2-6.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01963.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19125841?tool=bestpractice.com 如果患儿体温不超过该阈值,复发的可能性较小。通过对家庭和儿童保育中心最佳卫生措施的监察(例如勤洗手),可以降低感染性发热的可能性。应更新和完善免疫接种。于推荐年龄接种疫苗可以通过避免儿童罹患麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹、水痘、流感、肺炎球菌感染以及其他可引起发热和热性惊厥的疾病,从而防止部分热性惊厥的发生。[126]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Childhood vaccines and febrile seizures. Jun 2016 [internet publication].https://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/febrile-seizures.html 应接种流感疫苗,特别是易感人群。麻疹、腮腺炎和风疹 (measles, mumps, and rubella, MMR) 以及 MMR-水痘联合疫苗都会增加癫痫发作的风险。[29]Demicheli V, Rivetti A, Debalini MG, et al. Vaccines for measles, mumps and rubella in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Feb 15;(2):CD004407.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004407.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22336803?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Klein NP, Fireman B, Yih WK, et al. Measles-mumps-rubella-varicella combination vaccine and the risk of febrile seizures. Pediatrics. 2010 Jul;126(1):e1-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20587679?tool=bestpractice.com 存在热性惊厥风险的儿童应分开接种 MMR 和水痘疫苗,以降低复发风险,这是因为 MMR-水痘联合疫苗会增加惊厥发作风险。[31]Klein NP, Fireman B, Yih WK, et al. Measles-mumps-rubella-varicella combination vaccine and the risk of febrile seizures. Pediatrics. 2010 Jul;126(1):e1-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20587679?tool=bestpractice.com 对于有既往热性惊厥病史的患者,为了最小化复发的可能性,可对小部分人群进行药物治疗,尤其是对于存在长时间发作并处于惊厥持续状态的患者。该亚组可能具有潜在的遗传性癫痫(即 SCN1A 突变)。研究显示抗癫痫药物(苯巴比妥和丙戊酸)能有效预防热性惊厥,但是副作用可能超过获益。[95]Wheless JW, Clarke DF, Carpenter D. Treatment of pediatric epilepsy: expert opinion, 2005. J Child Neurol. 2005 Dec;20(suppl 1):S1-56.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16615562?tool=bestpractice.com