指南推荐阶梯法治疗产后抑郁症,[44]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Antenatal and postnatal mental health: clinical management and service guidance. June 2015. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 21 October 2016).http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg192尽管对病情严重的妇女而言,迅速得到有效治疗较通过逐级治疗重要得多。经由初级保健结构可有效地组织治疗。
对于在妊娠或产后期出现已知或疑似心理健康问题的女性,应在转诊的 2 周内接受治疗评估,并在初始评估的 1 个月内接受心理干预。[44]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Antenatal and postnatal mental health: clinical management and service guidance. June 2015. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 21 October 2016).http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg192
转介精神专科的服务针对有自杀意念患者、有伤害孩子的想法、重性发作、和/或具有可疑的双相情感障碍或产后精神病特点。确保女性的家庭医生了解转诊。[44]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Antenatal and postnatal mental health: clinical management and service guidance. June 2015. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 21 October 2016).http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg192在作出治疗决定前,医疗人员应与患者就进行或不进行精神障碍治疗的绝对和相对风险进行讨论。
抑郁被分为轻度、中度和重度,如下。[61]American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition, text revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.
轻度:具备症状数目不多于诊断抑郁所需,有轻微功能障碍。
中度:具备症状数目多于诊断抑郁所需,有更强的及中度功能损害。
重度:具备症状数目远多于诊断抑郁所需,有严重功能障碍。
轻至中度抑郁
对于产后期出现轻度或中度抑郁的妇女,应考虑以下几点:[41]Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Management of perinatal mood disorders. March 2012. http://www.sign.ac.uk (last accessed 21 October 2016).http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign127.pdf[44]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Antenatal and postnatal mental health: clinical management and service guidance. June 2015. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 21 October 2016).http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg192[47]Gelenberg AJ, Freeman MP, Markowitz JC, et al; American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder, 3rd ed. November 2010. http://www.psychiatryonline.com/ (last accessed 21 October 2016).http://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/mdd.pdf[55]Austin MP, Highet N; Guidelines Expert Advisory Committee. Clinical practice guidelines for depression and related disorders – anxiety, bipolar disorder and puerperal psychosis – in the perinatal period. A guideline for primary care health professionals. Melbourne: beyondblue: the national depression initiative; 2011.http://www.adelaide.edu.au/arch/guidelinedevelopment/perinatalmentalhealth/Beyondblue.PDF
促进自助策略(指导性自助、基于计算机的认知行为治疗或运动)症状改善:低级证据显示结合社会支持的规律体育锻炼相比只进行了2次锻炼以及一些电话支持的对照组,在12周时抑郁症状有改善。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
家访中的非指向性咨询可以作为干预的一部分
认知行为治疗(CBT)症状改善:低级证据显示接受认知行为治疗(CBT)的患者较空白对照更快康复。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。或人际心理治疗(IPT)。症状改善:低级证据显示人际心理治疗(IPT)在减轻症状、改善社会适应方面较未治疗组更有效。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
对无法实现心理治疗或心理治疗无效的患者以及既往有过严重抑郁病史的女性患者建议使用抗抑郁药治疗。[44]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Antenatal and postnatal mental health: clinical management and service guidance. June 2015. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 21 October 2016).http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg192[47]Gelenberg AJ, Freeman MP, Markowitz JC, et al; American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder, 3rd ed. November 2010. http://www.psychiatryonline.com/ (last accessed 21 October 2016).http://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/mdd.pdf
妇女正在经历的心理健康问题,以及与婴儿互动的困难,都是需要处理的问题。需要时刻关注婴儿的健康。[55]Austin MP, Highet N; Guidelines Expert Advisory Committee. Clinical practice guidelines for depression and related disorders – anxiety, bipolar disorder and puerperal psychosis – in the perinatal period. A guideline for primary care health professionals. Melbourne: beyondblue: the national depression initiative; 2011.http://www.adelaide.edu.au/arch/guidelinedevelopment/perinatalmentalhealth/Beyondblue.PDF
重度抑郁
对于产后重度抑郁发作的妇女,或既往有重度抑郁发作史的中度抑郁发作者,应考虑下列几点:[44]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Antenatal and postnatal mental health: clinical management and service guidance. June 2015. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 21 October 2016).http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg192[47]Gelenberg AJ, Freeman MP, Markowitz JC, et al; American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder, 3rd ed. November 2010. http://www.psychiatryonline.com/ (last accessed 21 October 2016).http://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/mdd.pdf[55]Austin MP, Highet N; Guidelines Expert Advisory Committee. Clinical practice guidelines for depression and related disorders – anxiety, bipolar disorder and puerperal psychosis – in the perinatal period. A guideline for primary care health professionals. Melbourne: beyondblue: the national depression initiative; 2011.http://www.adelaide.edu.au/arch/guidelinedevelopment/perinatalmentalhealth/Beyondblue.PDF
当地心理治疗的可获得性是决定治疗方案的一个重要因素,因为等待时间可能会较漫长。重度抑郁妇女的及时治疗至关重要,且往往需要使用抗抑郁药治疗。[44]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Antenatal and postnatal mental health: clinical management and service guidance. June 2015. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 21 October 2016).http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg192[47]Gelenberg AJ, Freeman MP, Markowitz JC, et al; American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder, 3rd ed. November 2010. http://www.psychiatryonline.com/ (last accessed 21 October 2016).http://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/mdd.pdf对既往治疗的反应可为治疗选择提供信息。
抑郁的非药物治疗
要求进行心理治疗的妇女应尽快治疗,最好在首次评估后的1个月内。[44]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Antenatal and postnatal mental health: clinical management and service guidance. June 2015. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 21 October 2016).http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg192一项包含10个心理和心理社会干预试验的Cochrane荟萃分析[43]Dennis CL, Dowswell T. Psychosocial and psychological interventions for preventing postpartum depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(2):CD001134.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001134.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23450532?tool=bestpractice.com表明,同伴支持、非指向性咨询、CBT、动力学取向的心理治疗、IPT对产后抑郁症均有疗效。症状改善:低级证据显示非针对性咨询、CBT和动态咨询在减轻症状严重程度上的效果无显著差异。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。支持将结构性运动作为一种治疗选择。[41]Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Management of perinatal mood disorders. March 2012. http://www.sign.ac.uk (last accessed 21 October 2016).http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign127.pdf若母婴关系受损,应提供针对此类关系的其他的干预措施。[41]Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Management of perinatal mood disorders. March 2012. http://www.sign.ac.uk (last accessed 21 October 2016).http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign127.pdf
抑郁的药物治疗
针对产后抑郁症药物治疗、特定抗抑郁剂的危害和效益比评估的证据不足。[73]Molyneaux E, Howard LM, McGeown HR, et al. Antidepressant treatment for postnatal depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(9):CD002018.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25211400?tool=bestpractice.com抗抑郁药常用于产后抑郁症治疗,其给药原则与其他类型的重性抑郁障碍相同。症状改善:低级证据显示氟西汀对产后抑郁症的改善情况与安慰剂无差异,而氟西汀、帕罗西汀、舍曲林以及去甲替林对症状的改善情况相似。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。虽然针对反应和缓解的合并估计表明在产后抑郁症女性中 SSRI 比安慰剂更有效,但证据质量较低,且基于一个仅 146 名患者(来自三项研究)的样本。[73]Molyneaux E, Howard LM, McGeown HR, et al. Antidepressant treatment for postnatal depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(9):CD002018.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25211400?tool=bestpractice.com此外,在哺乳期女性中,药物治疗的风险-效益平衡因人而异,仅应在女性表示偏好药物治疗,拒绝心理干预,或她的症状对心理干预无反应的情况下,考虑抗抑郁剂治疗。[44]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Antenatal and postnatal mental health: clinical management and service guidance. June 2015. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 21 October 2016).http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg192对给予抗抑郁治疗的患者,需监测以免引发轻躁狂或躁狂。
治疗方案取决于患者的偏好、对既往治疗的反应、当地心理治疗的可获得性、疾病的严重程度、相关风险以及妇女是否处于哺乳期。在风险-获益分析中考虑既往对特定抗抑郁药的治疗反应很重要,尤其是要从一种有效药物换为一种疗效不确定的、缺乏哺乳期安全性证据的药物时。
对于哺乳期妇女,一些抗抑郁药被认为较其他更安全,但缺乏通过乳汁暴露于母体抗抑郁药物治疗的婴儿的远期结局数据。应劝告哺乳期妇女不要使用圣约翰草或其他草药治疗。[41]Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Management of perinatal mood disorders. March 2012. http://www.sign.ac.uk (last accessed 21 October 2016).http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign127.pdf
对于未在哺乳的妇女,抗抑郁药的选择与非产后期抑郁用药无差别,选药主要依据个人既往对药物的反应而定。对于哺乳期的妇女,用药选择既要考虑到哺乳的安全性也要考虑个人既往对抗抑郁药的反应。哺乳期婴儿体内血药浓度最高的是氟西汀和西酞普兰,而去甲替林、舍曲林和帕罗西汀则未被测出。[74]Weissman AM, Levy BT, Hartz AJ, et al. Pooled analysis of antidepressant levels in lactating mothers, breast milk, and nursing infants. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161:1066-1078.http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.6.1066http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15169695?tool=bestpractice.com母乳期婴儿体内抗抑郁药浓度:中级证据显示舍曲林、帕罗西汀和去甲替林在母乳喂养的婴儿中血药浓度最低或无法检测到,氟西汀和西酞普兰的浓度最高。受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
在既往未服用过抗抑郁药的哺乳期妇女首次使用选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(SSRI)治疗时,舍曲林是较理想的选择。虽然近期苏格兰校际指南网(SIGN)发布的指南建议,帕罗西汀因其乳汁/血浆浓度比较低,可作为哺乳期的首选药物,[41]Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Management of perinatal mood disorders. March 2012. http://www.sign.ac.uk (last accessed 21 October 2016).http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign127.pdf但考虑到帕罗西在孕早期有导致胎儿心脏发育缺陷的风险,故不建议在孕期使用,对于可能怀孕的患者也不是理想用药。普遍认为三环类药物有更强的毒性作用,所以医生更常开处SSRIs类药物治疗抑郁,包括产后抑郁症。由于缺乏数据支持,更新型的抗抑郁药,如米氮平和文拉法辛,暂不作为推荐用药。哺乳期妇女还应尽量避免使用多虑平和奈法唑酮。[75]Davanzo R, Copertino M, De Cunto A, et al. Antidepressant drugs and breastfeeding: a review of the literature. Breastfeed Med. 2011;6:89-98.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20958101?tool=bestpractice.com然而,随着数据不断更新,来自专家的最新的建议也会对个别情况有所帮助。
在早产儿、新生儿以及身体状况欠佳的婴儿中不良反应更明显。由于所有药物经由母乳摄入,所以需要定期监测婴儿的镇静程度、易激惹性以及睡眠、进食、生长方式的改变。
可在线进一步了解药物治疗潜在的毒性作用:
UK Teratology Information Service
Organization of Teratology Information Specialists
US National Library of Medicine: toxicology data network - drugs and lactation database
双相抑郁
由于缺乏足够研究,目前尚无法对产后双相抑郁治疗作明确建议。[8]Sharma V, Burt VK, Ritchie HL. Bipolar II postpartum depression: detection, diagnosis, and treatment. Am J Psychiatry. 2009;166:1217-1221.http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08121902http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19884236?tool=bestpractice.com因抗抑郁药与极不稳定的病程相关,故而应避免使用。心境稳定剂可能对母乳喂养中的婴儿产生风险。建议向熟悉且擅长管理孕期及产后心境障碍的精神科专家进行咨询。