任何涉及心房的外科切开手术均能导致心房扑动,心房扑动折返环包括解剖屏障的非典型峡部、既往心房切开部位、瘢痕区域以及下腔静脉至三尖瓣环间的峡部。[4]Page RL, Joglar JA, Caldwell MA, et al. 2015 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline for the management of adult patients with supraventricular tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:e27-e115.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=2443667http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26409259?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Garson A Jr, Bink-Boelkens M, Hesslein PS, et al. Atrial flutter in the young: a collaborative study of 380 cases. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1985;6:871-878.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4031302?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Kilicaslan F, Verma A, Yamaji H, et al. The need for atrial flutter ablation following pulmonary vein antrum isolation in patients with and without previous cardiac surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:690-696.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15734612?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Kalman JM, Olgin JE, Saxon LA, et al. Electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic characterization of atypical atrial flutter in man: use of activation and entrainment mapping and implications for catheter ablation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1997;8:121-144.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9147698?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Akar JG, Kok LC, Haines DE, et al. Coexistence of type I atrial flutter and intra-atrial re-entrant tachycardia in patients with surgically corrected congenital heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38:377-384.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11499727?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Verma A, Marrouche NF, Seshadri N, et al. Importance of ablating all potential right atrial flutter circuits in postcardiac surgery patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:409-414.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15261940?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Seiler J, Schmid DK, Irtel TA, et al. Dual-loop circuits in postoperative atrial macro re-entrant tachycardias. Heart. 2007;93:325-330.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1861432/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16980513?tool=bestpractice.com
既往心房术后瘢痕能导致折返环的形成。[12]Kilicaslan F, Verma A, Yamaji H, et al. The need for atrial flutter ablation following pulmonary vein antrum isolation in patients with and without previous cardiac surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:690-696.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15734612?tool=bestpractice.com
先天性心脏病手术矫正后5~10年的发病率接近10%~30%。[17]Kanter RJ, Garson A. Atrial arrhythmias during chronic follow-up of surgery for complex congenital heart disease. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1997;20:502-511.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9058852?tool=bestpractice.com 可能与心脏瓣膜手术相关,在手术过程中进行了心房切开或者迷宫操作。