此部分概述了在异位妊娠中占到多数的输卵管异位妊娠的处理。应当注意的是,对于非输卵管异位妊娠,最适合的治疗方法可能有所不同。
异位妊娠的治疗取决于患者输卵管破裂的风险是低级还是中级。 发生破裂时,治疗取决于患者的血液动力是否稳定。
期待疗法
当存在缓解的客观证据时——通常通过 hCG 水平保持平稳或降低来证明,期待疗法适用于低风险、血流动力学稳定的无症状患者(或者伴有极轻微的疼痛)。[40]ACOG practice bulletin no. 193: tubal ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Mar;131(3):e91-103.https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/fulltext/2018/03000/ACOG_Practice_Bulletin_No__193___Tubal_Ectopic.46.aspxhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29470343?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Elson CJ, Salim R, Potdar N, et al; Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Diagnosis and management of ectopic pregnancy: Green-top Guideline No. 21. BJOG. 2016 Dec;123(13):e15-e55.https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg21/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27813249?tool=bestpractice.com 在英国,英国皇家妇产科医师学会 (RCOG) 推荐,一开始降低的 hCG 水平<1500 IU/L (1500 mIU/mL) 时,期待疗法是一种选择。[52]Elson CJ, Salim R, Potdar N, et al; Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Diagnosis and management of ectopic pregnancy: Green-top Guideline No. 21. BJOG. 2016 Dec;123(13):e15-e55.https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg21/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27813249?tool=bestpractice.com 在初始 hCG 水平<200 IU/L (<200 mIU/mL) 的患者中,有 88% 将自发缓解,且 hCG 水平越高预期缓解率越低。[40]ACOG practice bulletin no. 193: tubal ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Mar;131(3):e91-103.https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/fulltext/2018/03000/ACOG_Practice_Bulletin_No__193___Tubal_Ectopic.46.aspxhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29470343?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Korhonen J, Stenman UH, Ylöstalo P. Serum human chorionic gonadotropin dynamics during spontaneous resolution of ectopic pregnancy. Fertil Steril. 1994 Apr;61(4):632-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8150103?tool=bestpractice.com
多项研究已报告这种方法的成功率介于 71.2% 和 94.2% 之间。[59]van Mello NM, Mol F, Verhoeve HR, et al. Methotrexate or expectant management in women with an ectopic pregnancy or pregnancy of unknown location and low serum hCG concentrations? A randomized comparison. Hum Reprod. 2013 Jan;28(1):60-7.https://academic.oup.com/humrep/article/28/1/60/596638http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23081873?tool=bestpractice.com 期待治疗失败后可以进行药物或手术治疗。如果患者疼痛加重,hCG 水平没有降低或有输卵管破裂迹象,则应停止期待治疗。[40]ACOG practice bulletin no. 193: tubal ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Mar;131(3):e91-103.https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/fulltext/2018/03000/ACOG_Practice_Bulletin_No__193___Tubal_Ectopic.46.aspxhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29470343?tool=bestpractice.com
药物治疗
甲氨蝶呤是叶酸拮抗剂,可快速破坏分裂的滋养层细胞。血流动力学稳定的患者可选择甲氨蝶呤进行药物治疗,这些患者确诊或高度临床怀疑为异位妊娠、有未破裂的包块,并且无绝对甲氨蝶呤禁忌证。[40]ACOG practice bulletin no. 193: tubal ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Mar;131(3):e91-103.https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/fulltext/2018/03000/ACOG_Practice_Bulletin_No__193___Tubal_Ectopic.46.aspxhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29470343?tool=bestpractice.com 在英国,RCOG 还推荐适宜该治疗的患者应为:hCG 值低于 1500 IU/L (1500 mIU/mL),但其最高可达 5000 IU/L (5000 mIU/mL),且超声扫描无胎心活动,确定无宫内妊娠。[52]Elson CJ, Salim R, Potdar N, et al; Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Diagnosis and management of ectopic pregnancy: Green-top Guideline No. 21. BJOG. 2016 Dec;123(13):e15-e55.https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg21/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27813249?tool=bestpractice.com 已有证据表明,初始血清 hCG 水平>5000 IU/L (5000 mIU/mL) 预计药物治疗(特别是单剂量治疗方案)失败率增加,[49]Practice Committee of American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Medical treatment of ectopic pregnancy. Fertil Steril. 2008 Nov;90(5 Suppl):S206-12.http://www.fertstert.org/article/S0015-0282(08)03510-3/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19007632?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Menon S, Colins J, Barnhart KT. Establishing a human chorionic gonadotropin cutoff to guide methotrexate treatment of ectopic pregnancy: a systematic review. Fertil Steril. 2007 Mar;87(3):481-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17173905?tool=bestpractice.com 并且美国生殖医学学会 (American Society of Reproductive Medicine) 指出,初始 hCG 浓度高是甲氨蝶呤治疗的相对禁忌证。[40]ACOG practice bulletin no. 193: tubal ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Mar;131(3):e91-103.https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/fulltext/2018/03000/ACOG_Practice_Bulletin_No__193___Tubal_Ectopic.46.aspxhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29470343?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Practice Committee of American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Medical treatment of ectopic pregnancy: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2013 Sep;100(3):638-44.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23849842?tool=bestpractice.com 异位妊娠大小>4 cm 也被认为是药物治疗的相对禁忌证,但如果异位妊娠大小<2 cm 且 hCG 水平<1855 IU/L (1855 mIU/mL),则不太可能发生输卵管破裂。[40]ACOG practice bulletin no. 193: tubal ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Mar;131(3):e91-103.https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/fulltext/2018/03000/ACOG_Practice_Bulletin_No__193___Tubal_Ectopic.46.aspxhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29470343?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Practice Committee of American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Medical treatment of ectopic pregnancy. Fertil Steril. 2008 Nov;90(5 Suppl):S206-12.http://www.fertstert.org/article/S0015-0282(08)03510-3/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19007632?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Karadeniz RS, Tasci Y, Altay M, et al. Tubal rupture in ectopic pregnancy: is it predictable? Minerva Ginecol. 2015 Feb;67(1):13-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25660430?tool=bestpractice.com 其他相对禁忌证包括经阴道超声扫描发现胎心活动以及拒绝接受输血。[40]ACOG practice bulletin no. 193: tubal ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Mar;131(3):e91-103.https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/fulltext/2018/03000/ACOG_Practice_Bulletin_No__193___Tubal_Ectopic.46.aspxhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29470343?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Practice Committee of American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Medical treatment of ectopic pregnancy. Fertil Steril. 2008 Nov;90(5 Suppl):S206-12.http://www.fertstert.org/article/S0015-0282(08)03510-3/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19007632?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Elson CJ, Salim R, Potdar N, et al; Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Diagnosis and management of ectopic pregnancy: Green-top Guideline No. 21. BJOG. 2016 Dec;123(13):e15-e55.https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg21/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27813249?tool=bestpractice.com 大多数医生除了超声所见和 hCG 值之外,还会结合具体的临床情况来确定药物治疗是否适于个体患者。
某些疾病是患者接受甲氨蝶呤治疗的禁忌证,其中包括免疫缺陷证据、肝病(转氨酶水平超过正常值的两倍)、肾病(肌酐>132.6 μmol/L [1.5 mg/dL])、活动性消化性溃疡病、明显的肺部疾病或血液系统异常(例如,明显贫血、血小板减少或白细胞减少)。[40]ACOG practice bulletin no. 193: tubal ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Mar;131(3):e91-103.https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/fulltext/2018/03000/ACOG_Practice_Bulletin_No__193___Tubal_Ectopic.46.aspxhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29470343?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Practice Committee of American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Medical treatment of ectopic pregnancy. Fertil Steril. 2008 Nov;90(5 Suppl):S206-12.http://www.fertstert.org/article/S0015-0282(08)03510-3/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19007632?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Barash JH, Buchanan EM, Hillson C. Diagnosis and management of ectopic pregnancy. Am Fam Physician. 2014 Jul 1;90(1):34-40.http://www.aafp.org/afp/2014/0701/p34.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25077500?tool=bestpractice.com 其他禁忌证包括宫内妊娠、母乳喂养、对甲氨蝶呤敏感以及无法进行随访。[40]ACOG practice bulletin no. 193: tubal ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Mar;131(3):e91-103.https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/fulltext/2018/03000/ACOG_Practice_Bulletin_No__193___Tubal_Ectopic.46.aspxhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29470343?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Elson CJ, Salim R, Potdar N, et al; Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Diagnosis and management of ectopic pregnancy: Green-top Guideline No. 21. BJOG. 2016 Dec;123(13):e15-e55.https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg21/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27813249?tool=bestpractice.com
甲氨蝶呤治疗方案包括单次给药、两次给药和固定多次给药方案。[40]ACOG practice bulletin no. 193: tubal ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Mar;131(3):e91-103.https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/fulltext/2018/03000/ACOG_Practice_Bulletin_No__193___Tubal_Ectopic.46.aspxhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29470343?tool=bestpractice.com 虽然这些方案未经直接比较,但近期的 meta 分析研究结果表明,单次给药方案比多次给药方案效果稍差,两者疗效分别为 88% 和 93%,但单次给药方案引起的不良反应更少。[40]ACOG practice bulletin no. 193: tubal ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Mar;131(3):e91-103.https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/fulltext/2018/03000/ACOG_Practice_Bulletin_No__193___Tubal_Ectopic.46.aspxhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29470343?tool=bestpractice.com 一项系统评价和 meta 分析结果显示,两次给药方案和单次给药方案的治疗成功率近似,但在三项随机对照临床试验 (RCT) 的两项中,两次给药方案对初始 hCG 水平高的女性来说更有效。[40]ACOG practice bulletin no. 193: tubal ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Mar;131(3):e91-103.https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/fulltext/2018/03000/ACOG_Practice_Bulletin_No__193___Tubal_Ectopic.46.aspxhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29470343?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Song T, Kim MK, Kim ML, et al. Single-dose versus two-dose administration of methotrexate for the treatment of ectopic pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Hum Reprod. 2016 Feb;31(2):332-8.https://academic.oup.com/humrep/article/31/2/332/2380137http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26701971?tool=bestpractice.com 美国妇产科医师学会 (ACOG) 建议单次给药方案可能更适合初始 hCG 数值低或稳定的患者,而两次给药方案作为替代方案,可能特别适合初始 hCG 数值高的患者。[40]ACOG practice bulletin no. 193: tubal ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Mar;131(3):e91-103.https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/fulltext/2018/03000/ACOG_Practice_Bulletin_No__193___Tubal_Ectopic.46.aspxhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29470343?tool=bestpractice.com 一个病例对照系列研究发现,对于治疗失败风险较高的病例(例如,hCG 水平较高或有胎心活动),除甲氨蝶呤全身用药之外,在超声引导下向异位妊娠注射甲氨蝶呤可安全地替代手术。[65]Wang M, Chen B, Wang J, et al. Nonsurgical management of live tubal ectopic pregnancy by ultrasound-guided local injection and systemic methotrexate. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2014 Jul-Aug;21(4):642-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24462855?tool=bestpractice.com
甲氨蝶呤给药后,应连续监测 hCG 水平,直至检测不到。[40]ACOG practice bulletin no. 193: tubal ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Mar;131(3):e91-103.https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/fulltext/2018/03000/ACOG_Practice_Bulletin_No__193___Tubal_Ectopic.46.aspxhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29470343?tool=bestpractice.com 这通常需要 2 至 4 周,但可能长达 8 周。[66]Barnhart KT, Gosman G, Ashby R, et al. The medical management of ectopic pregnancy: a meta-analysis comparing "single dose" and "multidose" regimens. Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Apr;101(4):778-84.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0020120/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12681886?tool=bestpractice.com 根据治疗方案和治疗反应,可能需要继续给予甲氨蝶呤;应监测 hCG 水平以评估反应。在任何时间点,如果患者临床状况不稳定,则需要手术干预。[40]ACOG practice bulletin no. 193: tubal ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Mar;131(3):e91-103.https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/fulltext/2018/03000/ACOG_Practice_Bulletin_No__193___Tubal_Ectopic.46.aspxhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29470343?tool=bestpractice.com
在甲氨蝶呤治疗期间,应避免剧烈活动和性交,因为这可能导致异位妊娠破裂;应限制盆腔和超声扫描;并且患者应避免使用叶酸和非甾体抗炎药,因为这些会降低甲氨蝶呤的疗效。还应避免食用产气食物,因为它们可能产生与破裂症状相混淆的疼痛。日光暴露可能使发生甲氨蝶呤导致的皮炎风险增加。[40]ACOG practice bulletin no. 193: tubal ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Mar;131(3):e91-103.https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/fulltext/2018/03000/ACOG_Practice_Bulletin_No__193___Tubal_Ectopic.46.aspxhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29470343?tool=bestpractice.com
手术治疗
在临床上稳定且异位妊娠未破裂的患者中,腹腔镜手术和药物治疗都是合理的治疗选择,并且应该通过初始检查以及与患者的讨论来指导决策。[40]ACOG practice bulletin no. 193: tubal ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Mar;131(3):e91-103.https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/fulltext/2018/03000/ACOG_Practice_Bulletin_No__193___Tubal_Ectopic.46.aspxhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29470343?tool=bestpractice.com 如果患者出现血流动力学不稳定迹象、异位肿块破裂症状或腹膜内出血迹象,则需要进行手术干预。如果患者对药物治疗有绝对禁忌症,也需要进行手术干预。[40]ACOG practice bulletin no. 193: tubal ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Mar;131(3):e91-103.https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/fulltext/2018/03000/ACOG_Practice_Bulletin_No__193___Tubal_Ectopic.46.aspxhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29470343?tool=bestpractice.com
首选方法是腹腔镜输卵管造口术或腹腔镜输卵管切除术,这取决于对侧输卵管的情况和对将来生育的愿望。[40]ACOG practice bulletin no. 193: tubal ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Mar;131(3):e91-103.https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/fulltext/2018/03000/ACOG_Practice_Bulletin_No__193___Tubal_Ectopic.46.aspxhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29470343?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Elson CJ, Salim R, Potdar N, et al; Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Diagnosis and management of ectopic pregnancy: Green-top Guideline No. 21. BJOG. 2016 Dec;123(13):e15-e55.https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg21/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27813249?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Gao M-XG. Laparoscopy versus laparotomy for ectopic pregnancy: a systematic review. Chin J Evid Based Med. 2008 Jul-Aug;14(4):309-19.[68]Mol F, Mol BW, Ankum WM, et al. Current evidence on surgery, systemic methotrexate and expectant management in the treatment of tubal ectopic pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update. 2008 Jul-Aug;14(4):309-19.http://humupd.oxfordjournals.org/content/14/4/309.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18522946?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Hajenius PJ, Mol BW, Mol BWJ, et al. Interventions for tubal ectopic pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(1):CD000324.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD000324/frame.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10796710?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Mol F, van Mello NM, Strandell A, et al. Salpingotomy versus salpingectomy in women with tubal pregnancy (ESEP study): an open-label, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2014 Apr 26;383(9927):1483-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24499812?tool=bestpractice.com
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 异位妊娠的手术摘除来自 Sina Haeri 医生收集的资料 [Citation ends].
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 异位妊娠的手术摘除来自 Sina Haeri 医生收集的资料 [Citation ends].
接受腹腔镜治疗的患者,其未来的生育能力和输卵管通畅率与接受药物治疗的患者类似。[40]ACOG practice bulletin no. 193: tubal ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Mar;131(3):e91-103.https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/fulltext/2018/03000/ACOG_Practice_Bulletin_No__193___Tubal_Ectopic.46.aspxhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29470343?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Barash JH, Buchanan EM, Hillson C. Diagnosis and management of ectopic pregnancy. Am Fam Physician. 2014 Jul 1;90(1):34-40.http://www.aafp.org/afp/2014/0701/p34.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25077500?tool=bestpractice.com 在输卵管造口术后需要进行连续的 hCG 检测以发现任何仍存在的滋养细胞组织,并在水平稳定或升高的情况下考虑甲氨蝶呤给药。[52]Elson CJ, Salim R, Potdar N, et al; Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Diagnosis and management of ectopic pregnancy: Green-top Guideline No. 21. BJOG. 2016 Dec;123(13):e15-e55.https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg21/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27813249?tool=bestpractice.com[40]ACOG practice bulletin no. 193: tubal ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Mar;131(3):e91-103.https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/fulltext/2018/03000/ACOG_Practice_Bulletin_No__193___Tubal_Ectopic.46.aspxhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29470343?tool=bestpractice.com
与异位妊娠破裂相关的血液动力不稳定,是由继发于失血的严重低血容量导致。 因此,这些患者的治疗涉及紧急液体复苏和立即转入手术室。 首要治疗是用等渗液和血液制品快速补充容量,避免缺血性损伤和多器官损害。
虽然对于血液动力学稳定的患者,腹腔镜手术是治疗异位妊娠的标准手术方式(即使存在腹腔积血),对于血液动力学不稳定的患者,采用的手术方式取决于外科医生的经验和判断,并要与麻醉科医师协商决定。根据现有可用资源(包括经充分培训的人员)决定是否进行剖腹手术是合理的,具体术式应根据出血部位而定。
Rh 阴性的女性患者
美国急救医师学会临床小组委员会 (American College of Emergency Physicians' Clinical Subcommittee) 的综述发现,无论支持还是反对在 Rh 阴性的异位妊娠女性中使用抗 D 免疫球蛋白进行治疗的证据均不足。[71]American College of Emergency Physicians Clinical Policies Subcommittee (Writing Committee) on Early Pregnancy: Hahn SA, Promes SB, Brown MD. Clinical policy: critical issues in the initial evaluation and management of patients presenting to the emergency department in early pregnancy. Ann Emerg Med. 2017 Feb;69(2):241-250.e20.http://www.annemergmed.com/article/S0196-0644(16)31344-0/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28126120?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所 (NICE) 推荐对所有因异位妊娠接受手术的 Rh 阴性女性患者使用抗 D 免疫球蛋白,但不推荐用于接受药物治疗的患者。[72]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Ectopic pregnancy and miscarriage: diagnosis and initial management in early pregnancy of ectopic pregnancy and miscarriage. December 2012 [internet publication].http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG154