IBS以腹痛或腹部不适伴大便习惯改变为主要特征。[19]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Irritable bowel syndrome in adults: diagnosis and management. April 2017. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (Internet publication).https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG61 排便后腹痛缓解。其他常见伴随症状包括腹胀、黏液便和便不净感。
病史
患者病史可能会揭示若干危险因素的暴露史,如身体或性虐待、既往肠道感染以及家庭或工作应激。成年患者中,女性同样是男性的两倍。[11]Saito YA, Schoenfeld P, Locke GR 3rd. The epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome in North America: a systematic review. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002 Aug;97(8):1910-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12190153?tool=bestpractice.com
体格检查
体格检查通常正常,除了个别可能在下腹部存在轻压痛,但不合并包块。 Carnett试验有助于区别来自腹壁的疼痛与来自腹腔的疼痛。在此试验中,如果腹肌紧张后疼痛加重,表明疼痛可能起源于腹壁。而腹腔内疼痛在腹壁收缩后往往减轻。
检查
目前缺乏特异性诊断检查,故诊断检查的选择往往取决于症状或患者年龄等多种因素。[2]Longstreth GF, Thompson WG, Chey WD, et al. Functional bowel disorders. Gastroenterology. 2006 Apr;130(5):1480-91.http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(06)00512-9/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16678561?tool=bestpractice.com 全血细胞计数、红细胞沉降率检查、以及粪便潜血常有助于诊断。如果患者有与腹泻相关的 IBS,应对其粪便进行便白细胞、虫卵与寄生虫检查。对于腹泻或腹胀的患者而言,为排除肠道细菌过度生长或乳糖酶缺乏,需进一步行氢呼气试验。进行抗肌内膜抗体或组织谷氨酰胺转移酶抗体检查则有助于排除乳糜泻。[20]Lewis NR, Scott BB. Systematic review: the use of serology to exclude or diagnose coeliac disease (a comparison of the endomysial and tissue transglutaminase antibody tests). Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Jul 1;24(1):47-54.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02967.xhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16803602?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Irvine AJ, Chey WD, Ford AC. Screening for celiac disease in irritable bowel syndrome: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017 Jan;112(1):65-76.https://www.nature.com/ajg/journal/v112/n1/full/ajg2016466a.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27753436?tool=bestpractice.com 常需警惕结肠癌,特别是老年患者。因此应注意考虑内镜评估结肠癌。如果患者年龄<50岁,选择可弯曲式乙状结肠镜较为合适。如果患者年龄>50 岁或有结肠癌家族史且既往从未接受过结肠镜检查,应考虑结肠镜检查。可行粪便钙卫蛋白检查和 C-反应蛋白 (CRP) 检查,以鉴别 IBS 与炎症性肠病。 CRP<0.5 mg/L 和钙卫蛋白<40 μg/g 可有效排除炎症性肠病。[22]Waugh N, Cummins E, Royle P, et al. Faecal calprotectin testing for differentiating amongst inflammatory and non-inflammatory bowel diseases: systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2013 Nov;17(55):1-211.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24286461?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Menees SB, Powell C, Kurlander J, et al. A meta-analysis of the utility of C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, fecal calprotectin, and fecal lactoferrin to exclude inflammatory bowel disease in adults with IBS. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015 Mar;110(3):444-54.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25732419?tool=bestpractice.com