预防性措施包括早期发现易导致胎儿窘迫和胎儿缺氧的高危妊娠。 产期管理包括避免过期产,在良好的医疗条件下及时分娩。[7]Yoder BA, Kirsch EA, Barth WH, et al. Changing obstetric practices associated with decreasing incidence of meconium aspiration syndrome. Obstet Gynecol. 2002 May;99(5 Pt 1):731-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11978280?tool=bestpractice.com 根据美国儿科学会的规定,潜在婴儿无反应的高危产妇应转到具备三级或更高级别新生儿重症监护病房(NICU) 的医院。[25]American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Levels of neonatal care. Pediatrics. 2012 Sep;130(3):587-97.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/130/3/587.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22926177?tool=bestpractice.com
羊水中的胎粪可能会促进细菌生长。 研究发现,分娩时使用抗生素可以预防绒毛膜羊膜炎,而对产后子宫内膜炎、新生儿脓毒症、NICU 入住率无预防作用,尽管研究的样本量较小。[26]Siriwachirachai T, Sangkomkamhang US, Lumbiganon P, et al. Antibiotics for meconium-stained amniotic fluid in labour for preventing maternal and neonatal infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Nov 6;(11):CD007772.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007772.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25374369?tool=bestpractice.com
其他措施,例如在分娩前对胎粪污染的羊水 (MSAF) 行羊膜腔灌注术,[27]Fraser WD, Hofmeyr J, Lede R, et al; Amnioinfusion Trial Group. Amnioinfusion for the prevention of the meconium aspiration syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2005 Sep 1;353(9):909-17.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa050223#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16135835?tool=bestpractice.com [
]What are the benefits and harms of amnioinfusion for meconium‐stained liquor during labor in settings with standard peripartum surveillance?https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.2208/full显示答案 在新生儿下降至母体会阴处时,对婴儿进行口咽部抽吸,[28]Velaphi S, Vidyasagar D. The pros and cons of suctioning at the perineum (intrapartum) and post-delivery with and without meconium. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2008 Dec;13(6):375-82.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18474453?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Vain NE, Szyld EG, Prudent LM, et al. Oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal suctioning of meconium-stained neonates before delivery of their shoulders: multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004 Aug 14-20;364(9434):597-602.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15313360?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Falciglia HS, Henderschott C, Potter P, et al. Does DeLee suction at the perineum prevent meconium aspiration syndrome? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992 Nov;167(5):1243-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1442972?tool=bestpractice.com 以及在分娩后对有活力的婴儿行气管内抽吸[24]Wiswell TE, Gannon CM, Jacob J, et al. Delivery room management of the apparently vigorous meconium-stained neonate: results of the multicenter, international collaborative trial. Pediatrics. 2000 Jan;105(1 Pt 1):1-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10617696?tool=bestpractice.com 以及在分娩后对有活力的婴儿行气管内吸引术均无法预防 MAS 的发生。因此,不推荐常规使用以上方法,[31]Kattwinkel J. Neonatal resuscitation. 6th ed. Elk Grove Village: American Academy Pediatrics; 2011.MAS 的预防:高质量的证据显示,对出生时有羊水粪染的健康新生儿,羊膜腔灌注术、产时口咽吸引术和产后气管内吸引术并不能有效减少 MAS 的发生。[24]Wiswell TE, Gannon CM, Jacob J, et al. Delivery room management of the apparently vigorous meconium-stained neonate: results of the multicenter, international collaborative trial. Pediatrics. 2000 Jan;105(1 Pt 1):1-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10617696?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Fraser WD, Hofmeyr J, Lede R, et al; Amnioinfusion Trial Group. Amnioinfusion for the prevention of the meconium aspiration syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2005 Sep 1;353(9):909-17.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa050223#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16135835?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Vain NE, Szyld EG, Prudent LM, et al. Oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal suctioning of meconium-stained neonates before delivery of their shoulders: multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004 Aug 14-20;364(9434):597-602.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15313360?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Halliday HL, Sweet DG. Endotracheal intubation at birth for preventing morbidity and mortality in vigorous, meconium-stained infants born at term. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(1):CD000500.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000500/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11279696?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 但在羊水过少时行羊膜腔灌注可能有助于减轻脐带受压。[33]Spong CY, Ogundipe OA, Ross MG. Prophylactic amnioinfusion for meconium-stained amniotic fluid. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1994 Oct;171(4):931-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7943103?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Hofmeyr GJ. Lawrie TA. Amnioinfusion for potential or suspected umbilical cord compression in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Jan 18;(1):CD000013.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000013.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22258939?tool=bestpractice.com 当胎儿监护设备不足、羊水中存在大量胎粪时,该方法也有帮助。[35]Hofmeyr GJ, Xu H, Eke AC. Amnioinfusion for meconium-stained liquor in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Jan 23;(1):CD000014.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000014.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24453049?tool=bestpractice.com [
]What are the benefits and harms of amnioinfusion for meconium‐stained liquor during labor in settings with limited peripartum surveillance?https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.2209/full显示答案
现有证据表明,存在 MSAF 时、常规气管吸引术不适用于有活力婴儿。[24]Wiswell TE, Gannon CM, Jacob J, et al. Delivery room management of the apparently vigorous meconium-stained neonate: results of the multicenter, international collaborative trial. Pediatrics. 2000 Jan;105(1 Pt 1):1-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10617696?tool=bestpractice.comMAS 的预防:高质量的证据显示,对出生时有羊水粪染的健康新生儿,产后气管内吸引术并不能有效减少 MAS 的发生。[29]Vain NE, Szyld EG, Prudent LM, et al. Oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal suctioning of meconium-stained neonates before delivery of their shoulders: multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004 Aug 14-20;364(9434):597-602.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15313360?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 对已发表数据的进行分析发现,对活力不佳的 MSAF 新生儿进行常规气管抽吸的证据不足。两项随机对照研究报道,对于出生时存在 MSAF 的活力不佳新生儿,气管内抽吸并未减少 MAS、机械通气需求和死亡率。[36]Chettri S, Adhisivam B, Bhat BV. Endotracheal suction for nonvigorous neonates born through meconium stained amniotic fluid: a randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr. 2015 May;166(5):1208-13;e1.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25661412?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Nangia S, Sunder S,Biswas R, et al. Endotracheal suction in term nonvigorous meconium stained neonates - a pilot study. Resuscitation. 2016 Aug;105:79-84.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27255954?tool=bestpractice.com 2015 年新生儿复苏项目指南建议,活力不佳的 MSAF 新生儿不需要常规插管和气管抽吸。[38]Perlman JM, Wyllie J, Kattwinkel J, et al. Part 7: Neonatal resuscitation: 2015 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Circulation. 2015 Oct 20;132(16 Suppl 1):S204-41.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/132/16_suppl_1/S204.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26472855?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,如果怀疑气道阻塞,可以考虑气管抽吸。 重点是立即通气,不要延误。