淋巴皮肤型/皮肤型孢子丝菌病不危及生命,预后很好。相反,孢子丝菌病的皮外形式可能危及生命,尤其是有潜在免疫受损的患者,对治疗的反应不固定,取决于宿主和感染程度。由于在妊娠期间某些抗真菌药物不合适,孕妇需要不同的疗法。局部热疗对患有固定皮肤型(但不是淋巴皮肤型)孢子丝菌病的孕妇有效。
淋巴皮肤型和皮肤型孢子丝菌病
尽管皮损自行消退鲜有报道,但仍需要抗真菌治疗。[1]Rex JH, Okhuysen PC. Sporothrix schenckii. In Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and practice of infectious diseases. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone; 2005:2984-2987.[31]Kauffman CA, Bustamante B, Chapman SW, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of sporotrichosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:1255-1265.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/10/1255.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17968818?tool=bestpractice.com
疗程为全部皮损消退后 2 至 4 周,一般总疗程为 3 至 6 个月。一般在开始治疗后 4 周内见到临床症状改善。
伊曲康唑是治疗的选择。几项开放性非随机治疗试验报道的反应率为 90% 至 100%。临床痊愈:来自多项开放性非随机试验(每项试验的患者人数都较少)的中等质量证据表明,伊曲康唑有效,可使 >90% 的淋巴皮肤型孢子丝菌病患者临床痊愈。[32]Sharkey-Mathis PK, Kauffman CA, Graybill JR, et al. Treatment of sporotrichosis with itraconazole. NIAID Mycoses Study Group. Am J Med. 1993;95:279-285.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8396321?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Restrepo A, Robledo J, Gómez I, et al. Itraconazole therapy in lymphangitic and cutaneous sporotrichosis. Arch Dermatol. 1986;122:413-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3006602?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Conti Díaz IA, Civila E, Gezuele E, et al. Treatment of human cutaneous sporotrichosis with itraconazole. Mycoses. 1992;35:153-156.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1335550?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。伊曲康唑耐受性良好,除了轻微的胃肠道不耐受外,没有不良反应。[31]Kauffman CA, Bustamante B, Chapman SW, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of sporotrichosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:1255-1265.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/10/1255.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17968818?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Sharkey-Mathis PK, Kauffman CA, Graybill JR, et al. Treatment of sporotrichosis with itraconazole. NIAID Mycoses Study Group. Am J Med. 1993;95:279-285.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8396321?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Restrepo A, Robledo J, Gómez I, et al. Itraconazole therapy in lymphangitic and cutaneous sporotrichosis. Arch Dermatol. 1986;122:413-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3006602?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Conti Díaz IA, Civila E, Gezuele E, et al. Treatment of human cutaneous sporotrichosis with itraconazole. Mycoses. 1992;35:153-156.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1335550?tool=bestpractice.com[35]de Lima Barros MB, Schubach AO, de Vasconcellos Carvalhaes de Oliveira R, et al. Treatment of cutaneous sporotrichosis with itraconazole - study of 645 patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52:e200-e206.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/52/12/e200.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21628477?tool=bestpractice.com
伊曲康唑有胶囊和口服溶液剂型。胶囊剂型与食物同服时吸收最好;应当避免服用减少胃酸的药物。口服溶液空腹时吸收最好,如果能耐受且无胃肠道不良反应,是治疗孢子丝菌病的首选剂型,因其吸收特征良好。
如果患者对初始治疗无应答,有几种替代治疗方案:
更高剂量的伊曲康唑。应当监测血清伊曲康唑水平,确保药物充分吸收。因为半衰期长,24 小时期间的血清水平变化小,可以在给药后任意时间点抽血测药物浓度。血清浓度 >1 μg/mL 比较理想。[31]Kauffman CA, Bustamante B, Chapman SW, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of sporotrichosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:1255-1265.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/10/1255.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17968818?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Sharkey-Mathis PK, Kauffman CA, Graybill JR, et al. Treatment of sporotrichosis with itraconazole. NIAID Mycoses Study Group. Am J Med. 1993;95:279-285.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8396321?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Restrepo A, Robledo J, Gómez I, et al. Itraconazole therapy in lymphangitic and cutaneous sporotrichosis. Arch Dermatol. 1986;122:413-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3006602?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Conti Díaz IA, Civila E, Gezuele E, et al. Treatment of human cutaneous sporotrichosis with itraconazole. Mycoses. 1992;35:153-156.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1335550?tool=bestpractice.com
碘化钾饱和溶液 (SSKI)。一项小型随机临床试验、几项开放性无对照临床试验以及大型病例系列报告的反应率为 80% 至 100%。临床痊愈:来自一项随机和多项开放性非随机临床试验(每项试验的患者人数都较少)的中等质量证据表明,碘酸钾饱和溶液可使 >80% 的淋巴皮肤型孢子丝菌病患者临床痊愈。[9]da Rosa AC, Scroferneker ML, Vettorato R, et al. Epidemiology of sporotrichosis: a study of 304 cases in Brazil. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;52:451-459.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15761423?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Cabezas C, Bustamante B, Holgado W, et al. Treatment of cutaneous sporotrichosis with one daily dose of potassium iodide. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1996;15:352-354.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8866807?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Itoh M, Okamoto S, Kariya H. Survey of 200 cases of sporotrichosis. Dermatologica. 1986;172:209-213.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3709907?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。然而,缺乏随机安慰剂对照试验,在对其有效性做出明确结论前,需要开展此类试验。[38]Xue S, Gu R, Wu T, et al. Oral potassium iodide for the treatment of
sporotrichosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(4):CD006136. Review.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19821356?tool=bestpractice.comSSKI 价格便宜,但是不方便给药,耐受性可能有问题。常见不良作用为皮疹、金属味、恶心、腹痛、腮腺增大。[9]da Rosa AC, Scroferneker ML, Vettorato R, et al. Epidemiology of sporotrichosis: a study of 304 cases in Brazil. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;52:451-459.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15761423?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Kauffman CA, Bustamante B, Chapman SW, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of sporotrichosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:1255-1265.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/10/1255.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17968818?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Cabezas C, Bustamante B, Holgado W, et al. Treatment of cutaneous sporotrichosis with one daily dose of potassium iodide. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1996;15:352-354.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8866807?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Itoh M, Okamoto S, Kariya H. Survey of 200 cases of sporotrichosis. Dermatologica. 1986;172:209-213.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3709907?tool=bestpractice.com
高剂量特比萘芬。一项随机盲法试验比较了 500 mg/天与 1000 mg/天,结果显示反应率分别为 52% 和 87%,复发率分别为 21% 和 0%。临床痊愈:来自一项小型、多中心、随机、前瞻性研究的中等质量证据表明,高剂量特比萘芬(500 mg,每日两次)有效,可使 87% 的淋巴皮肤型孢子丝菌病患者临床痊愈。[39]Chapman SW, Pappas P, Kauffmann C, et al. Comparative evaluation of the efficacy and safety of two doses of terbinafine (500 and 1000 mg day(-1)) in the treatment of cutaneous or lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis. Mycoses. 2004;47:62-68.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14998402?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。然而,接受治疗的患者有三分之一观察到胃肠道和神经系统不良反应,给这种高剂量方案的安全性带来问题。特比萘芬治疗时应当监测 肝功能。[31]Kauffman CA, Bustamante B, Chapman SW, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of sporotrichosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:1255-1265.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/10/1255.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17968818?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Chapman SW, Pappas P, Kauffmann C, et al. Comparative evaluation of the efficacy and safety of two doses of terbinafine (500 and 1000 mg day(-1)) in the treatment of cutaneous or lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis. Mycoses. 2004;47:62-68.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14998402?tool=bestpractice.com一项研究显示,低剂量特比萘芬(250 mg/天)治疗的有效性与低剂量伊曲康唑(100 mg/天)治疗相当。尤其是,两个治疗组的治愈率都超过 90%,复发不常见,没有显著副作用。[40]Francesconi G, Francesconi do Valle AC, Passos SL, et al. Comparative study of 250 mg/day terbinafine and 100 mg/day itraconazole for the treatment of cutaneous sporotrichosis. Mycopathologia. 2011;171:349-454.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21103938?tool=bestpractice.com因此,上述研究之间,特比萘芬的反应率存在差异,将来需要开展更多研究以确定特比萘芬疗法在淋巴皮肤型孢子丝菌病治疗中的作用。
只有当上述药物都不耐受时才应使用氟康唑。使用 ≥400 mg/天的剂量,反应率只有 63% 至 71%。[31]Kauffman CA, Bustamante B, Chapman SW, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of sporotrichosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:1255-1265.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/10/1255.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17968818?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Kauffman CA, Pappas PG, McKinsey DS, et al. Treatment of lymphocutaneous and visceral sporotrichosis with fluconazole. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;22:46-50.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8824965?tool=bestpractice.com
不建议使用酮康唑和氟胞嘧啶,因为其他药物更有效,耐受性更好。两性霉素 B 尽管有效,但不建议使用,因为其有毒性,并且淋巴皮肤型孢子丝菌病是一种局限性感染,不危及生命。[31]Kauffman CA, Bustamante B, Chapman SW, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of sporotrichosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:1255-1265.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/10/1255.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17968818?tool=bestpractice.com
骨关节孢子丝菌病
由于延误诊断,关节功能恢复不常见。[31]Kauffman CA, Bustamante B, Chapman SW, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of sporotrichosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:1255-1265.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/10/1255.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17968818?tool=bestpractice.com伊曲康唑是治疗的选择。根据报道,反应率 >60%。建议至少治疗 12 个月。短期疗程与大量复发率有关。患者接受伊曲康唑治疗 2 周后,应当监测血清伊曲康唑浓度,确保适当的药物浓度。浓度 >1 μg/mL 较为理想。[31]Kauffman CA, Bustamante B, Chapman SW, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of sporotrichosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:1255-1265.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/10/1255.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17968818?tool=bestpractice.com`
[32]Sharkey-Mathis PK, Kauffman CA, Graybill JR, et al. Treatment of sporotrichosis with itraconazole. NIAID Mycoses Study Group. Am J Med. 1993;95:279-285.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8396321?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Winn RE, Anderson J, Piper J, et al. Systemic sporotrichosis treated with itraconazole. Clin Infect Dis. 1993;17:210-217.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8399869?tool=bestpractice.com病变范围广泛或对伊曲康唑无反应的患者,可以给予两性霉素 B 作为初始治疗(替代伊曲康唑)。两性霉素 B 的反应率与伊曲康唑相当,但两性霉素 B 疗法的耐受性较差(例如肾损害伴氮质血症、肾小管性酸中毒、低钾血症、低镁血症)。患者对两性霉素B治疗有反应之后,根据整体临床反应,使用伊曲康唑降级治疗,总治疗持续时间至少 12 个月。在某些情况下,辅助性外科清创术可能有帮助,例如脓毒性关节引流、死骨片切除术、滑膜切除术。
没有开展研究比较传统两性霉素 B 脱氧胆酸盐与两性霉素 B 脂质制剂的有效性,但脂质制剂与非常低的肾毒性有关。偶尔使用两性霉素 B 关节内注射,但很少有适应证。[31]Kauffman CA, Bustamante B, Chapman SW, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of sporotrichosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:1255-1265.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/10/1255.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17968818?tool=bestpractice.comSSKI、特比萘芬、氟康唑无效。[31]Kauffman CA, Bustamante B, Chapman SW, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of sporotrichosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:1255-1265.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/10/1255.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17968818?tool=bestpractice.com
肺孢子丝菌病
肺孢子丝菌病预后差,反应率约为 30% 至 50%。[5]Pluss JL, Opal SM. Pulmonary sporotrichosis: review of treatment and outcome. Medicine (Baltimore). 1986;65:143-153.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3517551?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Kauffman CA, Bustamante B, Chapman SW, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of sporotrichosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:1255-1265.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/10/1255.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17968818?tool=bestpractice.com
对于重度或危及生命的肺孢子丝菌病,两性霉素 B 是推荐的初始治疗。患者对两性霉素 B 治疗有反应后,或两性霉素 B 累积剂量达到 1 至 2 后,根据整体临床反应,采用伊曲康唑降级治疗,总治疗持续时间至少 12 个月。[43]Limper AH, Knox KS, Sarosi GA, et al. An official American Thoracic Society statement: treatment of fungal infections in adult pulmonary and critical care patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:96-128.http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/content/183/1/96.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21193785?tool=bestpractice.com
对于较不严重的疾病,伊曲康唑至少给予 3 至 6 个月,根据整体临床反应情况,建议最长 12 个月。患者接受伊曲康唑治疗 2 周后,应当监测血清伊曲康唑浓度,确保适当的药物浓度。浓度 >1 μg/mL 较为理想。[43]Limper AH, Knox KS, Sarosi GA, et al. An official American Thoracic Society statement: treatment of fungal infections in adult pulmonary and critical care patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:96-128.http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/content/183/1/96.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21193785?tool=bestpractice.com`
如果可行,建议对局限性肺疾病的受累肺组织实施辅助性外科切除术,联合两性霉素 B 治疗。然而,许多发生肺孢子丝菌病的患者有潜在的慢性阻塞性肺疾病,不能耐受手术。SSKI、特比萘芬、氟康唑无效。[31]Kauffman CA, Bustamante B, Chapman SW, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of sporotrichosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:1255-1265.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/10/1255.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17968818?tool=bestpractice.com
脑膜孢子丝菌病
两性霉素 B 应当至少给药 4 至 6 周。患者对两性霉素治疗有应答之后,根据整体临床反应,使用伊曲康唑降级治疗至少 3 至 6 个月,或总治疗时间最长 12 个月。患者接受伊曲康唑治疗 2 周后,应当监测血清伊曲康唑浓度,确保适当的药物浓度。浓度 >1 μg/mL 较为理想。[6]Silva-Vergara ML, Maneira FR, De Oliveira RM, et al. Multifocal sporotrichosis with meningeal involvement in a patient with AIDS. Med Mycol. 2005;43:187-190.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15832562?tool=bestpractice.com`
[31]Kauffman CA, Bustamante B, Chapman SW, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of sporotrichosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:1255-1265.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/10/1255.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17968818?tool=bestpractice.com
不建议两性霉素 B 与氟康唑、伊曲康唑或氟胞嘧啶联合治疗,因为与两性霉素 B 单药治疗相比,不能改善生存情况。[31]Kauffman CA, Bustamante B, Chapman SW, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of sporotrichosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:1255-1265.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/10/1255.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17968818?tool=bestpractice.comSSKI、特比萘芬、氟康唑无效。[31]Kauffman CA, Bustamante B, Chapman SW, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of sporotrichosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:1255-1265.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/10/1255.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17968818?tool=bestpractice.com
播散型孢子丝菌病
应当给予两性霉素 B。[31]Kauffman CA, Bustamante B, Chapman SW, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of sporotrichosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:1255-1265.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/10/1255.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17968818?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Winn RE, Anderson J, Piper J, et al. Systemic sporotrichosis treated with itraconazole. Clin Infect Dis. 1993;17:210-217.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8399869?tool=bestpractice.com患者对两性霉素治疗有反应之后,使用伊曲康唑降级治疗,总治疗持续时间至少 12 个月。患者接受伊曲康唑治疗 2 周后,应当监测血清伊曲康唑浓度,确保适当的药物浓度。浓度 >1 μg/mL 较为理想。`
尚未研究抗真菌联合疗法用于播散型孢子丝菌病,因而不推荐。[31]Kauffman CA, Bustamante B, Chapman SW, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of sporotrichosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:1255-1265.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/10/1255.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17968818?tool=bestpractice.com抗真菌单药疗法用于重度孢子丝菌病病例,反应率欠佳,但尚无研究评价两性霉素 B 与唑类抗真菌药(例如伊曲康唑、氟康唑)联合治疗重度孢子丝菌病。
孕妇与哺乳妇女孢子丝菌病
妊娠期间需要治疗的重度感染,建议使用两性霉素 B。[31]Kauffman CA, Bustamante B, Chapman SW, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of sporotrichosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:1255-1265.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/10/1255.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17968818?tool=bestpractice.com最好是等到分娩后再治疗不危及生命的孢子丝菌病类型。
禁用唑类抗真菌药,因其有潜在致畸性。禁用 SSKI,因其对胎儿甲状腺有毒性。特比萘芬应当不会导致胚胎毒性,但因为它能分泌到乳汁中,可能对哺乳的婴儿有影响。因此,应当与患者充分讨论特比萘芬用于哺乳妇女和孕妇的风险和收益,治疗决策应当个体化。
局部热疗对固定皮肤型(但不是淋巴皮肤型)孢子丝菌病患者有效,有效反应率 >70%。需要每天对皮损加热 1 小时以上,连续几个月。可为使用上述抗真菌药物不安全的孕妇应用此方法。[31]Kauffman CA, Bustamante B, Chapman SW, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of sporotrichosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:1255-1265.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/10/1255.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17968818?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Hiruma M, Kawada A, Noguchi H, et al. Hyperthermic treatment of sporotrichosis: experimental use of infrared and far infrared rays. Mycoses. 1992;35:293-299.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1302801?tool=bestpractice.com热疗用于孢子丝菌病的作用机制尚不完全明确,但可能与直接抑制孢子丝菌不耐热菌株[15]Kwon-Chung KJ. Comparison of isolates of Sporothrix schenckii obtained from fixed cutaneous lesions with isolates from other types of lesions. J Infect Dis. 1979;139:424-431.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/438543?tool=bestpractice.com以及与多形核白细胞对孢子丝菌的杀死率增加有关。[45]Hiruma M, Kagawa S. Effects of hyperthermia on phagocytosis and intracellular killing of Sporothrix schenckii by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Mycopathologia. 1986;95:93-100.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3762663?tool=bestpractice.com
儿童孢子丝菌病
患有淋巴皮肤型/皮肤型孢子丝菌病的儿童应当接受伊曲康唑治疗。也可以使用 SSKI。[31]Kauffman CA, Bustamante B, Chapman SW, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of sporotrichosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:1255-1265.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/10/1255.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17968818?tool=bestpractice.com儿童对 SSKI 的耐受性特别差,一项研究比较了 SSKI 每日一次与每日 3 次治疗,结果显示反应率相当。因此,不耐受每日3 次方案的儿童,SSKI 每日一次可能合理。不应当使用氟康唑和特比萘芬。
建议使用两性霉素 B 治疗重度孢子丝菌病。患者对两性霉素治疗有反应之后,可以使用伊曲康唑降级治疗。伊曲康唑也可作为艾滋病儿童的长期抑制治疗。
免疫受损患者的延续治疗
艾滋病患者和其他免疫受损患者完成对播散型或脑膜孢子丝菌病的初始治疗后,建议实施伊曲康唑长期抑制治疗,防止复发。
脑膜孢子丝菌病患者需要终生抑制治疗。播散型孢子丝菌病患者,如果 CD4 计数连续 1 年以上超过 200 细胞/mm^3,并且接受伊曲康唑治疗 >1 年,可以考虑终止抑制治疗。
治疗期间的监测
骨关节、肺、脑膜孢子丝菌病和无应答皮肤型孢子丝菌病患者,血清伊曲康唑浓度 >1 μg/mL 较为理想。
两性霉素 B 能导致肾功能障碍,因此在治疗期间,应当监测血清肌酐和尿素。接受特比萘芬治疗的患者,应当监测肝功 LFT。