治疗的选择取决于病变部位和宿主免疫功能状态,以及疾病的严重程度。明确疾病的严重程度是基于临床判断。在免疫功能正常且仅有单一肺病的患者中,可以密切随访,而免疫功能不全的HIV阳性患者通常需要治疗,即使没有症状。[37]Limper AH, Knox KS, Sarosi GA, et al; American Thoracic Society. An official American Thoracic Society statement: Treatment of fungal infections in adult pulmonary and critical care patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:96-128.http://www.thoracic.org/statements/resources/mtpi/treatment-of-fungal-infections-in-adult-pulmonary-critical-care-and-sleep-medicine.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21193785?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Perfect JR, Dismukes WE, Dromer F, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:291-322.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/50/3/291.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20047480?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Thursky KA, Playford EG, Seymour JF, et al. Recommendations for the treatment of established fungal infections. Intern Med J. 2008;38:496-520.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18588522?tool=bestpractice.com
指南不推荐在占位性病变患者中行腰椎穿刺术 (Lumbar puncture, LP)。脑隐球菌肉芽肿可引起明显的短期和长期的神经系统的并发症,并需要延长抗真菌治疗。[39]Perfect JR, Dismukes WE, Dromer F, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:291-322.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/50/3/291.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20047480?tool=bestpractice.com治疗的核心是抗真菌治疗和降低增高的颅内压。指南推荐使用两性霉素-B 联合氟胞嘧啶进行诱导治疗,持续至少 6 周,随后使用氟康唑巩固和维持治疗 6-18 个月。[11]Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. November 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov (last accessed 19 December 2016).https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf可使用皮质激素辅助治疗,减少占位效应和周围水肿,或手术治疗大的(如3cm的占位)出现占位效应的可切除的肿块(开颅或立体定向的减瘤或切除术)。如出现难以用免疫重建炎性反应综合征(Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome,IRIS),来解释的病灶增大,需行组织学诊断。[39]Perfect JR, Dismukes WE, Dromer F, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:291-322.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/50/3/291.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20047480?tool=bestpractice.com
治疗脑膜脑炎和其他重症感染时,初始治疗通常使用两性霉素-B 制剂,联合或不联合氟胞嘧啶。[11]Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. November 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov (last accessed 19 December 2016).https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf两性霉素-B 脱氧胆酸盐是首选,但是现在已知两性霉素-B 的脂质剂型对播散性隐球菌病有效,且目前被推荐使用,特别是在患有临床显著肾功能不全或有肾功能不全风险的患者中。[11]Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. November 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov (last accessed 19 December 2016).https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf[41]Botero Aguirre JP, Restrepo Hamid AM. Amphotericin B deoxycholate versus liposomal amphotericin B: effects on kidney function. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(11):CD010481.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010481.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26595825?tool=bestpractice.com在急性治疗期间,在两性霉素-B 基础上加用氟胞嘧啶可以更快速地清除 CSF 隐球菌病。氟康唑用于HIV感染的隐球菌性脑膜脑炎患者的维持治疗,也可用于轻症无CNS受累的感染。[11]Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. November 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov (last accessed 19 December 2016).https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf[42]Jarvis JN, Dromer F, Harrison TS, et al. Managing cryptococcosis in the immunocompromised host. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2008;21:596-603.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18978527?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Lewis JS 2nd, Graybill JR. Fungicidal versus Fungistatic: what's in a word? Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2008;9:927-935.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18377336?tool=bestpractice.com
唑类抗真菌药不应用于妊娠的前三个月,因其具有致畸的风险,除非益处大于风险,才可用于妊娠期妇女。[11]Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. November 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov (last accessed 19 December 2016).https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf[44]Pursley TJ, Blomquist IK, Abraham J, et al. Fluconazole-induced congenital anomalies in three infants. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;22:336-340.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8838193?tool=bestpractice.com若在产后使用唑类抗真菌药物进行治疗,不应进行哺乳。文献中报道绝大多数妊娠期妇女的隐球菌病都使用两性霉素-B 治疗,母亲和婴儿的结局良好。部分病例加用5-氟胞嘧啶。[25]Nakamura S, Izumikawa K, Seki M, et al. Pulmonary cryptococcosis in late pregnancy and review of published literature. Mycopathologia. 2009;167:125-131.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18931938?tool=bestpractice.com
HIV 阴性:免疫功能正常的轻到中度肺部及肺外非 CNS 疾病,或者无症状性但肺或血清培养物阳性(无 CNS 疾病)
尽管少量研究已经开展用于评估HIV阴性的肺或非CNS隐球菌病的结局,但对这些患者具体的治疗和最佳疗程尚未确定。[39]Perfect JR, Dismukes WE, Dromer F, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:291-322.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/50/3/291.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20047480?tool=bestpractice.com这些患者可能有痰培养阳性或血清隐球菌多糖抗原(serum cryptococcal polysaccharide antigen,sCRAG)阳性。[37]Limper AH, Knox KS, Sarosi GA, et al; American Thoracic Society. An official American Thoracic Society statement: Treatment of fungal infections in adult pulmonary and critical care patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:96-128.http://www.thoracic.org/statements/resources/mtpi/treatment-of-fungal-infections-in-adult-pulmonary-critical-care-and-sleep-medicine.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21193785?tool=bestpractice.com
抗真菌治疗
对于这部分患者,氟康唑是抗真菌治疗的一线用药。[37]Limper AH, Knox KS, Sarosi GA, et al; American Thoracic Society. An official American Thoracic Society statement: Treatment of fungal infections in adult pulmonary and critical care patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:96-128.http://www.thoracic.org/statements/resources/mtpi/treatment-of-fungal-infections-in-adult-pulmonary-critical-care-and-sleep-medicine.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21193785?tool=bestpractice.com治疗的疗程是根据疾病缓解的程度,有症状的患者通常需要6-12个月,无症状患者需要3-6个月。由于肺隐球菌病可能会播散,用氟康唑治疗这些患者需谨慎,建议随访 1 年。[37]Limper AH, Knox KS, Sarosi GA, et al; American Thoracic Society. An official American Thoracic Society statement: Treatment of fungal infections in adult pulmonary and critical care patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:96-128.http://www.thoracic.org/statements/resources/mtpi/treatment-of-fungal-infections-in-adult-pulmonary-critical-care-and-sleep-medicine.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21193785?tool=bestpractice.com若氟康唑不可行,可使用伊曲康唑治疗 6-12 个月;若禁用唑类药物(例如妊娠),推荐使用两性霉素-B。[39]Perfect JR, Dismukes WE, Dromer F, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:291-322.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/50/3/291.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20047480?tool=bestpractice.com应始终考虑后者的药物毒性。[39]Perfect JR, Dismukes WE, Dromer F, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:291-322.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/50/3/291.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20047480?tool=bestpractice.com有严重肾脏疾病的患者可使用两性霉素-B 脂质剂型代替两性霉素-B 脱氧胆酸盐。[11]Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. November 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov (last accessed 19 December 2016).https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf两性霉素-B 需要缓慢静脉输注。
通常氟康唑的耐受性良好。最常见的不良反应是恶心、腹痛、皮疹。虽然尚无针对新型隐球菌的耐药报道,但在某些国偶见,例如美国。[45]Brandt ME, Pfaller MA, Hajjeh RA, et al. Trends in antifungal drug susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans isolates in the United States: 1992 to 1994 and 1996 to 1998. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001;45:3065-3069.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=11600357http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11600357?tool=bestpractice.com常规不推荐行药敏实验,除非出现复发或治疗失败。[11]Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. November 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov (last accessed 19 December 2016).https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf[39]Perfect JR, Dismukes WE, Dromer F, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:291-322.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/50/3/291.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20047480?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Jarvis JN, Dromer F, Harrison TS, et al. Managing cryptococcosis in the immunocompromised host. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2008;21:596-603.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18978527?tool=bestpractice.com
建议对有格特隐球菌感染证据的患者进行 6 个月以上的氟康唑治疗,因为氟康唑对新型隐球菌的敏感性轻微降低。[37]Limper AH, Knox KS, Sarosi GA, et al; American Thoracic Society. An official American Thoracic Society statement: Treatment of fungal infections in adult pulmonary and critical care patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:96-128.http://www.thoracic.org/statements/resources/mtpi/treatment-of-fungal-infections-in-adult-pulmonary-critical-care-and-sleep-medicine.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21193785?tool=bestpractice.com
HIV阴性:免疫功能不全,或者严重肺部或肺外非CNS疾病,或者CNS疾病
由于存在全身播散及CNS感染的高风险,免疫功能不全的患者和严重肺部及严重肺外非CNS感染的治疗和HIV阴性CNS感染的治疗方法相同。[39]Perfect JR, Dismukes WE, Dromer F, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:291-322.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/50/3/291.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20047480?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Sloan D, Dlamini S, Paul N, et al. Treatment of acute cryptococcal meningitis in HIV infected adults, with an emphasis on resource-limited settings. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(4):CD005647.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005647.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18843697?tool=bestpractice.com长期使用皮质类固醇治疗的患者将泼尼松龙(或与之对等的药物)减量至 10mg/日,可改善抗真菌治疗的结局。[39]Perfect JR, Dismukes WE, Dromer F, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:291-322.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/50/3/291.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20047480?tool=bestpractice.com
抗真菌诱导治疗
肾功能正常患者的一线诱导治疗方案是使用两性霉素-B 联合氟胞嘧啶治疗 2 周,如治疗 2 周后 CSF 培养阴性,可改为氟康唑或伊曲康唑再治疗 8 周。[37]Limper AH, Knox KS, Sarosi GA, et al; American Thoracic Society. An official American Thoracic Society statement: Treatment of fungal infections in adult pulmonary and critical care patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:96-128.http://www.thoracic.org/statements/resources/mtpi/treatment-of-fungal-infections-in-adult-pulmonary-critical-care-and-sleep-medicine.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21193785?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Perfect JR, Dismukes WE, Dromer F, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:291-322.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/50/3/291.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20047480?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Lewis JS 2nd, Graybill JR. Fungicidal versus Fungistatic: what's in a word? Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2008;9:927-935.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18377336?tool=bestpractice.com两性霉素-B 脱氧胆酸盐和两性霉素-B 的脂质剂型可用于诱导治疗,但脂质剂型可首选用于患有临床显著肾功能不全或存在肾功能不全风险的患者中。[11]Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. November 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov (last accessed 19 December 2016).https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf[41]Botero Aguirre JP, Restrepo Hamid AM. Amphotericin B deoxycholate versus liposomal amphotericin B: effects on kidney function. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(11):CD010481.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010481.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26595825?tool=bestpractice.com两性霉素-B 需要缓慢静脉输注。
对于接受两性霉素-B 和氟胞嘧啶长期疗程(>2 周)治疗的患者应频繁地监测肾功能,为了预防骨髓抑制和胃肠道毒性,应进行适当的剂量调整(最好能在给予 3-5 次剂量后,监测用药后 2 小时血清氟胞嘧啶浓度,最佳浓度 25-100 mg/mL)。如果不能获得氟胞嘧啶水平,可以进行频繁的(即每周至少两次)血细胞计数检查,以检测血细胞减少。在接受氟胞嘧啶的患者中,还应监测肝脏毒性和胃肠道毒性。[11]Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. November 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov (last accessed 19 December 2016).https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf[39]Perfect JR, Dismukes WE, Dromer F, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:291-322.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/50/3/291.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20047480?tool=bestpractice.com
使用两性霉素-B 可引起肾损伤伴有血清肌酐升高、低血钾、低血镁、肾小管性酸中毒,以及贫血和血小板减少等血液系统后遗症。其他不良反应包括恶心、呕吐、畏寒、发热和强直。[1]Chayakulkeeree M, Perfect JR. Cryptococcosis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2006;20:507-544.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16984867?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Perfect JR, Dismukes WE, Dromer F, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:291-322.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/50/3/291.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20047480?tool=bestpractice.com密切监测血清电解质、肾功能和骨髓功能非常重要。静脉用药前输注 500-1000 mL 生理盐水可以降低肾毒性风险,并且在两性霉素-B 输注前约 30 分钟给予对乙酰氨基酚、苯海拉明或氢化可的松进行预处理,可以减少输注相关的不良反应。[11]Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. November 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov (last accessed 19 December 2016).https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf[47]van der Horst C, Saag MS, Cloud GA, et al. Treatment of cryptococcal meningitis associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:15-21.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199707033370103#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9203426?tool=bestpractice.com然而,支持这些做法的证据有限。两性霉素-B 引起的寒战可以在输注期间用哌替啶预防和治疗。[11]Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. November 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov (last accessed 19 December 2016).https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf
一些专家提倡在开始治疗 2 周后再次行 LP,以评估 CSF 中病原体清除情况。针对治疗 2 周后 CSF 培养阳性的患者,即使观察到临床改善,仍然存在未来复发的风险;因此,两性霉素-B 加氟胞嘧啶治疗可能需要继续,直到 CSF 培养呈阴性。[11]Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. November 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov (last accessed 19 December 2016).https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf[37]Limper AH, Knox KS, Sarosi GA, et al; American Thoracic Society. An official American Thoracic Society statement: Treatment of fungal infections in adult pulmonary and critical care patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:96-128.http://www.thoracic.org/statements/resources/mtpi/treatment-of-fungal-infections-in-adult-pulmonary-critical-care-and-sleep-medicine.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21193785?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Perfect JR, Dismukes WE, Dromer F, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:291-322.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/50/3/291.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20047480?tool=bestpractice.com
根据患者的耐受程度以及药物的可获得情况,二线诱导治疗方案是两性霉素-B 加氟胞嘧啶治疗 6-10 周(大部分免疫功能正常的患者可在联合治疗 6 周后成功);[39]Perfect JR, Dismukes WE, Dromer F, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:291-322.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/50/3/291.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20047480?tool=bestpractice.com两性霉素-B 单药治疗 6-10 周;两性霉素-B 脂质剂型治疗 6-10 周,加或不加氟胞嘧啶治疗 2 周。诱导治疗的其他组合包括两性霉素-B 加氟康唑 6-10 周,或氟康唑加氟胞嘧啶 6-10 周,但这些治疗的首选程度不如两性霉素-B 加氟胞嘧啶。[11]Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. November 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov (last accessed 19 December 2016).https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf
抗真菌维持治疗
氟康唑完成1年的治疗后,应继续用药。免疫功能抑制的患者,例如实体器官移植受者,需要延长治疗。[39]Perfect JR, Dismukes WE, Dromer F, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:291-322.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/50/3/291.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20047480?tool=bestpractice.com
唑类抗真菌药不应用于妊娠的前三个月,因其具有致畸的风险,除非益处大于风险,才可用于妊娠期妇女。[11]Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. November 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov (last accessed 19 December 2016).https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf直到分娩前都不应使用氟康唑进行维持治疗。[44]Pursley TJ, Blomquist IK, Abraham J, et al. Fluconazole-induced congenital anomalies in three infants. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;22:336-340.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8838193?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Kaplan JE, Masur H, Holmes KK; USPHS; Infectious Disease Society of America. Guidelines for preventing opportunistic infections among HIV-infected persons - 2002. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2002 Jun 14;51(RR-8):1-52.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5108.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12081007?tool=bestpractice.com若在产后使用唑类抗真菌药物进行治疗,不应进行哺乳。
HIV 阳性:轻到中度肺部及肺外非 CNS 疾病,或者无症状性但肺或血清培养物阳性(无 CNS 疾病)
由于存在全身播散或CNS感染的风险,所有HIV阳性患者,包括无症状的患者,均需要治疗。[39]Perfect JR, Dismukes WE, Dromer F, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:291-322.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/50/3/291.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20047480?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Thursky KA, Playford EG, Seymour JF, et al. Recommendations for the treatment of established fungal infections. Intern Med J. 2008;38:496-520.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18588522?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Sloan D, Dlamini S, Paul N, et al. Treatment of acute cryptococcal meningitis in HIV infected adults, with an emphasis on resource-limited settings. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(4):CD005647.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005647.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18843697?tool=bestpractice.com患者可能肺部培养结果为阳性或 sCRAG 阳性。[37]Limper AH, Knox KS, Sarosi GA, et al; American Thoracic Society. An official American Thoracic Society statement: Treatment of fungal infections in adult pulmonary and critical care patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:96-128.http://www.thoracic.org/statements/resources/mtpi/treatment-of-fungal-infections-in-adult-pulmonary-critical-care-and-sleep-medicine.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21193785?tool=bestpractice.com对于轻度至中度症状和局灶性肺部浸润的患者,以及仅表现为 sCRAG 阳性的患者,用抗真菌药物加抗逆转录病毒治疗是合适的。[11]Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. November 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov (last accessed 19 December 2016).https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf所有患者应进行 CSF 采样以排除 CNS 疾病。
抗真菌治疗
这部分患者氟康唑是一线抗真菌治疗。治疗的持续时间是 12 个月。[11]Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. November 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov (last accessed 19 December 2016).https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf若对高效抗逆转录病毒治疗 (HAART) 应答良好(即 HAART 治疗后连续 3 个月以上 CD4 细胞计数≥100 个细胞/μL,病毒载量低于检测下限,成功治疗隐球菌病后唑类抗真菌长期维持治疗至少达 1 年),可考虑停用氟康唑。[11]Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. November 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov (last accessed 19 December 2016).https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf如患者不能使用氟康唑,可换用伊曲康唑(或1-2年,取决于对HAART的治疗应答)。[37]Limper AH, Knox KS, Sarosi GA, et al; American Thoracic Society. An official American Thoracic Society statement: Treatment of fungal infections in adult pulmonary and critical care patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:96-128.http://www.thoracic.org/statements/resources/mtpi/treatment-of-fungal-infections-in-adult-pulmonary-critical-care-and-sleep-medicine.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21193785?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Perfect JR, Dismukes WE, Dromer F, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:291-322.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/50/3/291.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20047480?tool=bestpractice.com另一个可选的治疗方案是氟康唑加氟胞嘧啶治疗10周,但其药物毒性限制了其临床应用。[39]Perfect JR, Dismukes WE, Dromer F, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:291-322.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/50/3/291.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20047480?tool=bestpractice.com如果患者禁用唑类抗真菌药物(例如妊娠),推荐使用两性霉素-B 联合或不联合氟胞嘧啶。
抗逆转录病毒治疗 (Antiretroviral therapy, ART)
HIV阳性:严重肺部或肺外非CNS疾病,或者CNS疾病
抗真菌诱导治疗
肾功能正常患者的一线诱导治疗方案是使用两性霉素-B 联合氟胞嘧啶治疗 2 周,如治疗 2 周后 CSF 培养阴性,随后行氟康唑再治疗 8 周,然后进行维持治疗。[11]Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. November 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov (last accessed 19 December 2016).https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf[37]Limper AH, Knox KS, Sarosi GA, et al; American Thoracic Society. An official American Thoracic Society statement: Treatment of fungal infections in adult pulmonary and critical care patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:96-128.http://www.thoracic.org/statements/resources/mtpi/treatment-of-fungal-infections-in-adult-pulmonary-critical-care-and-sleep-medicine.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21193785?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Perfect JR, Dismukes WE, Dromer F, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:291-322.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/50/3/291.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20047480?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Lewis JS 2nd, Graybill JR. Fungicidal versus Fungistatic: what's in a word? Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2008;9:927-935.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18377336?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Day JN, Chau TT, Wolbers M, et al. Combination antifungal therapy for cryptococcal meningitis. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1291-1302.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3978204/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23550668?tool=bestpractice.com两性霉素-B 脱氧胆酸盐和两性霉素-B 的脂质剂型可用于诱导治疗,但推荐使用脂质剂型治疗患有临床显著肾功能不全或存在肾功能不全风险的患者。[11]Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. November 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov (last accessed 19 December 2016).https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf[41]Botero Aguirre JP, Restrepo Hamid AM. Amphotericin B deoxycholate versus liposomal amphotericin B: effects on kidney function. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(11):CD010481.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010481.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26595825?tool=bestpractice.com两性霉素-B 需要缓慢静脉输注。在HIV阳性和总人群中,氟胞嘧啶是治疗2周时CSF杀菌的独立强预测因素。[13]Dromer F, Mathoulin-Pelissier S, Launay O, et al; the French Cryptococcis Study Group. Determinants of disease presentation and outcome during cryptococcosis. PLoS Med. 2007;4:e21.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=17284154http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17284154?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Jarvis JN, Dromer F, Harrison TS, et al. Managing cryptococcosis in the immunocompromised host. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2008;21:596-603.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18978527?tool=bestpractice.com血小板或中性粒细胞减少者慎用氟胞嘧啶。[37]Limper AH, Knox KS, Sarosi GA, et al; American Thoracic Society. An official American Thoracic Society statement: Treatment of fungal infections in adult pulmonary and critical care patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:96-128.http://www.thoracic.org/statements/resources/mtpi/treatment-of-fungal-infections-in-adult-pulmonary-critical-care-and-sleep-medicine.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21193785?tool=bestpractice.com一旦氟胞嘧啶不能使用,可考虑使用氟康唑作为替代。[50]Boulware DR, Meya DB, Bergemann TL, et al. Clinical features and serum biomarkers in HIV immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome after cryptococcal meningitis: a prospective cohort study. PLoS Med. 2010;7:e1000384.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3014618/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21253011?tool=bestpractice.com
对于接受两性霉素-B 和氟胞嘧啶长期疗程(>2 周)治疗的患者应频繁地监测肾功能,为了预防骨髓抑制和胃肠道毒性应进行适当的剂量调整(最好能在给予 3-5 次剂量后,监测用药后 2 小时血清氟胞嘧啶浓度,最佳浓度为 25-100 mg/mL)。如果不能获得氟胞嘧啶水平,可以进行频繁的(即每周至少两次)血细胞计数,以检测血细胞减少。在接受氟胞嘧啶的患者中,还应监测肝脏毒性和胃肠道毒性。[11]Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. November 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov (last accessed 19 December 2016).https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf
使用两性霉素-B 可引起肾损伤,表现为血清肌酐升高、低血钾、低血镁、肾小管性酸中毒,以及贫血和血小板减少等血液系统后遗症。其他不良反应包括恶心、呕吐、畏寒、发热和强直。[1]Chayakulkeeree M, Perfect JR. Cryptococcosis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2006;20:507-544.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16984867?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Perfect JR, Dismukes WE, Dromer F, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:291-322.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/50/3/291.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20047480?tool=bestpractice.com密切监测血清电解质、肾功能和骨髓功能非常重要。静脉用药前输注 500-1000 mL 生理盐水可以降低肾毒性风险,并且在两性霉素-B 输注前约30 分钟给予对乙酰氨基酚、苯海拉明或氢化可的松进行预处理,可以减少输注相关的不良反应。[11]Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. November 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov (last accessed 19 December 2016).https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf[47]van der Horst C, Saag MS, Cloud GA, et al. Treatment of cryptococcal meningitis associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:15-21.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199707033370103#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9203426?tool=bestpractice.com然而,支持这些做法的证据有限。两性霉素-B 引起的寒战可以在输注期间用哌替啶预防和治疗。[11]Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. November 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov (last accessed 19 December 2016).https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf
对于同时服用利福平的患者氟康唑剂量应增加 50%。
一些专家提倡在开始治疗 2 周后再次行 LP,以评估 CSF 中病原体清除情况。针对治疗 2 周后 CSF 培养阳性的患者,即使观察到临床改善,仍然存在未来复发的风险;因此,两性霉素-B 加氟胞嘧啶治疗可能需要继续,直到 CSF 培养呈阴性。[11]Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. November 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov (last accessed 19 December 2016).https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf[39]Perfect JR, Dismukes WE, Dromer F, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:291-322.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/50/3/291.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20047480?tool=bestpractice.com
根据患者耐受程度及药物的可获得情况,二线诱导治疗方案包括两性霉素-B 加氟胞嘧啶治疗 6-10 周;两性霉素-B 单药治疗 6-10 周;两性霉素-B 脂质剂型治疗 6-10 周,联合或不联合氟胞嘧啶治疗 2 周;或者氟康唑单药治疗 10-12 周。诱导治疗的其他组合包括两性霉素-B 加氟康唑 6-10 周,或氟康唑加氟胞嘧啶 6-10 周,但这些治疗的首选程度不如两性霉素-B 加氟胞嘧啶。[11]Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. November 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov (last accessed 19 December 2016).https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf此外,毒性限制了氟康唑加氟胞嘧啶的使用。[39]Perfect JR, Dismukes WE, Dromer F, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:291-322.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/50/3/291.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20047480?tool=bestpractice.com当不能使用氟康唑时,可以选择伊曲康唑。[39]Perfect JR, Dismukes WE, Dromer F, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:291-322.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/50/3/291.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20047480?tool=bestpractice.com
值得注意的是,氟康唑治疗 HIV 感染相关的隐球菌性脑膜炎患者时,明显不如两性霉素-B,且 10 周的死亡率增高 30%。[51]Rajasingham R, Rolfes MA, Birkenkamp KE, et al. Cryptococcal meningitis treatment strategies in resource-limited settings: a cost-effectiveness analysis. PLoS Med. 2012;9:e1001316.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3463510/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23055838?tool=bestpractice.com
抗逆转录病毒治疗 (ART)
抗真菌维持治疗
在成功的诱导与巩固治疗(即临床改善和再次 LP 后 CSF 培养阴性)后,抗真菌维持治疗可以持续至少 1 年。氟康唑是这部分患者维持治疗的一线用药,[11]Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. November 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov (last accessed 19 December 2016).https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf
如果抗逆转录病毒治疗后连续 3 个月以上 CD4 细胞计数 ≥100 个细胞/μL,病毒载量低于检测下限,以及患者在隐球菌病成功治疗后接受唑类抗真菌药长期维持治疗至少 1 年,则可以终止抗真菌维持治疗。如果 CD4 细胞计数降至<100 个细胞/μL,应重新开始维持治疗。[11]Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. November 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov (last accessed 19 December 2016).https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf
根据患者的耐受程度以及药物的可获得情况,伊曲康唑可以作为维持治疗方案的第二选择,但劣于氟康唑。治疗疗程和重新开始伊曲康唑维持治疗的标准与氟康唑相同。使用其他三唑类药物(例如,伏立康唑、泊沙康唑)的证据有限,并且此类药物在处理隐球菌病方面的作用尚未确定。然而,伏立康唑与 HIV 蛋白酶抑制剂和依法韦仑联合使用时应谨慎。[11]Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. November 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov (last accessed 19 December 2016).https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf
颅内压升高 (ICP) 的管理
颅内压升高的定义为患者侧卧位时脑脊液开放压力>20 cm H2O,在约 50% 的隐球菌性脑膜炎患者中出现,且与较差的临床反应相关。[28]Haddow LJ, Colebunders R, Meintjes G, et al. Cryptococcal immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV-1-infected individuals: proposed clinical case definitions. Lancet Inf Dis. 2010;10:791-802.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3026057/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21029993?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Perfect JR, Dismukes WE, Dromer F, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:291-322.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/50/3/291.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20047480?tool=bestpractice.com
正常的基线脑脊液开放压力 (≤20 cm H2O)
一些专家提倡在开始治疗 2 周后再次行 LP,以评估 CSF 中病原体清除情况。在治疗 2 周后 CSF 培养物阳性的患者中,即使观察到临床改善,也有未来复发的风险。[11]Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. November 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov (last accessed 19 December 2016).https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf
不推荐监测 sCRAG 或 CSF。如果出现新症状或临床发现,推荐重复行腰椎穿刺 (LP),测量腰椎开放压力和进行 CSF 培养。[11]Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. November 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov (last accessed 19 December 2016).https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf
升高的基线脑脊液开放压力(>20cmH2O)
对于有下列症状的所有患者,应降低其升高的颅内压:意识模糊、视物模糊、视乳头水肿、下肢阵挛或颅内压升高的其他神经系统体征。[11]Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. November 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov (last accessed 19 December 2016).https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf
降低升高的颅内压的首要干预措施是在头颅影像学检查排除颅内占位性病变后行经皮腰椎引流。[13]Dromer F, Mathoulin-Pelissier S, Launay O, et al; the French Cryptococcis Study Group. Determinants of disease presentation and outcome during cryptococcosis. PLoS Med. 2007;4:e21.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=17284154http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17284154?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Singh N, Alexander BD, Lortholary O, et al. Pulmonary cryptococcosis in solid organ transplant recipients: clinical relevance of serum cryptococcal antigen. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:e12-e18.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18171241?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Limper AH, Knox KS, Sarosi GA, et al; American Thoracic Society. An official American Thoracic Society statement: Treatment of fungal infections in adult pulmonary and critical care patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:96-128.http://www.thoracic.org/statements/resources/mtpi/treatment-of-fungal-infections-in-adult-pulmonary-critical-care-and-sleep-medicine.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21193785?tool=bestpractice.com充分的腰椎脑脊液引流应使脑脊液闭合压力降低至≤20 cm H2O 或初始脑脊液开放压力的 50%。开始时患者应行每日 LP 检查,使开放压力稳定维持在正常范围内,并改善症状和体征。
如果重复腰椎穿刺后,颅内压持续升高或脑水肿的体征及症状持续存在,可考虑行腰椎引流或脑室腹腔分流。[11]Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. November 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov (last accessed 19 December 2016).https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf[39]Perfect JR, Dismukes WE, Dromer F, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:291-322.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/50/3/291.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20047480?tool=bestpractice.com
不推荐在 HIV 阳性患者中使用皮质类固醇治疗颅内压升高。[11]Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. November 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov (last accessed 19 December 2016).https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf在HIV阴性患者,尚没有证据表现皮质激素能带来益处,因此也不建议在这部分患者中使用。使用乙酰唑胺、利尿疗法和甘露醇未提供任何获益,因此不推荐。[11]Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. November 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov (last accessed 19 December 2016).https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf[37]Limper AH, Knox KS, Sarosi GA, et al; American Thoracic Society. An official American Thoracic Society statement: Treatment of fungal infections in adult pulmonary and critical care patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:96-128.http://www.thoracic.org/statements/resources/mtpi/treatment-of-fungal-infections-in-adult-pulmonary-critical-care-and-sleep-medicine.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21193785?tool=bestpractice.com
治疗失败和病灶持续存在
治疗失败定义为治疗2周后缺乏临床改善(包括增加的ICP处理,伴有培养持续阳性)或出现初始临床反应后复发(即症状复发,治疗4周后CSF培养阳性)。[11]Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. November 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov (last accessed 19 December 2016).https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf大多数临床失败是因为诱导治疗不充分、药物相互作用或免疫重建炎症综合征 (IRIS) 的发生。[11]Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. November 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov (last accessed 19 December 2016).https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf新型隐球菌的氟康唑耐药罕见;[45]Brandt ME, Pfaller MA, Hajjeh RA, et al. Trends in antifungal drug susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans isolates in the United States: 1992 to 1994 and 1996 to 1998. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001;45:3065-3069.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=11600357http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11600357?tool=bestpractice.com因此,常规不推荐在初始治疗中进行药敏试验。然而,氟康唑耐药在复发病例中常见。[52]Bicanic T, Harrison T, Niepieklo A, et al. Symptomatic relapse of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis after initial fluconazole monotherapy: the role of fluconazole resistance and immune reconstitution. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:1069-1073.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/43/8/1069.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16983622?tool=bestpractice.com因感染迁延或复发而检查隐球菌分离株时,还应行分离株的药敏试验。氟康唑最小抑制浓度≥16 μg/mL 的菌株可被认为具有耐药性。[11]Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. November 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov (last accessed 19 December 2016).https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf初始使用氟康唑治疗失败的患者应改为两性霉素-B,联合或不联合氟胞嘧啶,直至有临床反应。初始使用两性霉素-B 制剂治疗的患者应继续该治疗,直至有临床反应。两性霉素-B 脂质剂型比脱氧胆酸盐制剂耐受性更好、更有效,使用其他方案进行初始治疗失败时应考虑使用。[11]Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. November 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov (last accessed 19 December 2016).https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf高剂量的氟康唑联合氟胞嘧啶可能有效。[11]Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. November 2016. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov (last accessed 19 December 2016).https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf在难治性、对氟康唑和伊曲康唑无应答的患者中,伏立康唑或泊沙康唑可以做为挽救性治疗。[37]Limper AH, Knox KS, Sarosi GA, et al; American Thoracic Society. An official American Thoracic Society statement: Treatment of fungal infections in adult pulmonary and critical care patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:96-128.http://www.thoracic.org/statements/resources/mtpi/treatment-of-fungal-infections-in-adult-pulmonary-critical-care-and-sleep-medicine.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21193785?tool=bestpractice.com不推荐使用棘白菌素,因为它们对隐球菌没有活性。
持续或难治性肺部、骨骼、或CNS感染者应考虑手术。[37]Limper AH, Knox KS, Sarosi GA, et al; American Thoracic Society. An official American Thoracic Society statement: Treatment of fungal infections in adult pulmonary and critical care patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:96-128.http://www.thoracic.org/statements/resources/mtpi/treatment-of-fungal-infections-in-adult-pulmonary-critical-care-and-sleep-medicine.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21193785?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Perfect JR, Dismukes WE, Dromer F, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:291-322.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/50/3/291.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20047480?tool=bestpractice.com