诊断为中毒性结肠炎/中毒性巨结肠 (TC/TM) 的患者经常表现为感染性休克或脓毒性休克,应当立即收入重症监护病房。脓毒症治疗指南由拯救脓毒症运动提出,且目前仍是接受最广泛的标准。[25]Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock: 2016. Intensive Care Med. 2017 Mar;43(3):304-77.https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00134-017-4683-6http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28101605?tool=bestpractice.com 现行最佳实践是基于脓毒症中的集束治疗证据。[25]Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock: 2016. Intensive Care Med. 2017 Mar;43(3):304-77.https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00134-017-4683-6http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28101605?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Rhodes A, Phillips G, Beale R, et al. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign bundles and outcome: results from the International Multicentre Prevalence Study on Sepsis (the IMPreSS study). Intensive Care Med. 2015 Sep;41(9):1620-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26109396?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Levy MM, Rhodes A, Phillips GS, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: association between performance metrics and outcomes in a 7.5-year study. Intensive Care Med. 2014 Nov;40(11):1623-33.https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00134-014-3496-0http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25270221?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Seymour CW, Gesten F, Prescott HC, et al. Time to treatment and mortality during mandated emergency care for sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2017 Jun 8;376(23):2235-44.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5538258/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28528569?tool=bestpractice.com
多学科团队(包括胃肠病专家、外科危重症护理医生和外科医生)应尽早参与。治疗主要目标包括缓解结肠炎并发症和预防相关的并发症与死亡。高度警惕以及在恰当时间进行手术干预对预防患者死亡至关重要。
药物处理
内外科治疗组均应对患者进行监测。应经常进行体格检查,评估是否有血流动力学不稳定表现、发热、腹部压痛、反跳痛和腹胀。建议每天进行实验室研究,包括全血细胞计数及分类计数、血清化学检测、白蛋白和乳酸水平检测。
应通过静脉补充液体和电解质纠正异常(特别是钾和镁),以充分复苏患者;如果有显著贫血,进行输血;禁食,以避免加重肠道扩张。经鼻胃管减压是减轻上胃肠胀气恶化的有效辅助手段。胃肠外营养在该情况下价值微小,因为无法降低结肠切除术的可能性或降低手术相关发病率。
应避免使用抗腹泻药、抗胆碱能药物和阿片类镇痛药,以防止加重肠梗阻。应开始对患者进行胃应激性溃疡和深静脉血栓形成的预防治疗。
所有继发于炎症性肠病 (IBD) 的 TC/TM 患者均应接受一个疗程的皮质类固醇静脉用药。皮质类固醇对感染性结肠炎相关的中毒性巨结肠无效。对于中毒性巨结肠患者,应避免使用柳氮磺吡啶或其他 5-氨基水杨酸类药物,因为这些药物可能引起发作。一旦中毒性巨结肠缓解,可以考虑使用该类药物治疗潜在的 IBD。
虽然抗生素在中毒性巨结肠中的效果尚未得到证明,考虑到并发穿孔和全身菌血症的危险,所有患者均应考虑使用广谱抗生素。在拟诊为艰难梭状芽胞杆菌性结肠炎所致的中毒性巨结肠患者中,需确定致病病原体。对于 重症艰难梭菌感染,口服万古霉素是首选方案;然而,当存在巨结肠和肠梗阻时,口服给药途径可能无效。在这些情况下,推荐静脉输注甲硝唑以及通过保留灌肠或结肠镜给药万古霉素。[22]McDonald LC, Gerding DN, Johnson S, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults and children: 2017 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA). Clin Infect Dis. 2018 Mar 19;66(7):987-94.https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/66/7/987/4942452http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29562266?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Zar FA, Bakkanagari SR, Moorthi KM, et al. A comparison of vancomycin and metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, stratified by disease severity. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Aug 1;45(3):302-7.https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/45/3/302/358373http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17599306?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Cocanour CS. Best strategies in recurrent or persistent Clostridium difficile infection. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2011 Jun;12(3):235-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21767157?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Kim PK, Huh HC, Cohen HW, et al. Intracolonic vancomycin for severe Clostridium difficile colitis. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2013 Dec;14(6):532-9.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3899947/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23560732?tool=bestpractice.com
药物治疗失败的患者
如果不存在自由性穿孔或腹膜炎,应当积极进行药物强化治疗。如果在治疗 72 小时后未观察到病情改善或在患者发生恶化的任何时候,必须采取紧急手术治疗。自由性穿孔、需要增加输血的出血、毒性体征增多以及结肠扩张加重是进行紧急外科手术的适应证。[4]Ausch C, Madoff RD, Gnant M, et al. Aetiology and surgical management of toxic megacolon. Colorectal Dis. 2006 Mar;8(3):195-201.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16466559?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Klobuka AJ, Markelov A. Current status of surgical treatment for fulminant clostridium difficile colitis. World J Gastrointest Surg. 2013 Jun 27;5(6):167-72.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3750127/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23977418?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Teeuwen PH, Stommel MW, Bremers AJ, et al. Colectomy in patients with acute colitis: a systematic review. J Gastrointest Surg. 2009 Apr;13(4):676-86.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19132451?tool=bestpractice.com 对于 HIV/AIDS 患者,必须迅速识别药物治疗失败。对于这类患者,需要进行紧急剖腹术,实施腹部结肠切除术和回肠造口术(如果患者可以耐受手术)。[12]Beaugerie L, Ngo Y, Goujard F, et al. Etiology and management of toxic megacolon in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Gastroenterology. 1994 Sep;107(3):858-63.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8076773?tool=bestpractice.com
鼻胃管置入术的动画演示