基于特定靶器官或状况需开发相应的皮质类固醇局部给药途径。然而,局部用药也可能会导致继发性肾上腺功能抑制。
在局部给药途径与肾上腺功能抑制关系的研究中,吸入性皮质类固醇是最常被提到,但可能是基于医生和患者的对此途径的认可。[2]Zollner EW. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression in asthmatic children on inhaled corticosteroids (part 2) - the risk as determined by gold standard adrenal function tests: a systematic review. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2007;18:469-474.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17680905?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Wlodarczyk JH, Gibson PG, Caeser M. Impact of inhaled corticosteroids on cortisol suppression in adults with asthma: a quantitative review. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2008;100:23-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18254478?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Schuetz P, Christ-Crain M, Schild U, et al. Effect of a 14-day course of systemic corticosteroids on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. BMC Pulm Med. 2008;8:1.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=18221550http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18221550?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Donaldson MD, Morrison C, Lees C, et al. Fatal and near-fatal encephalopathy with hyponatraemia in two siblings with fluticasone-induced adrenal suppression. Acta Paediatr. 2007;96:769-772.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17376180?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Masoli M, Weatherall M, Holt S, et al. Inhaled fluticasone propionate and adrenal effects in adult asthma: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J. 2006;28:960-967.http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/28/5/960.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16737984?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Sherman B, Weinberger M, Chen-Walden H, et al. Further studies of the effects of inhaled glucocorticoids on pituitary-adrenal function in healthy adults. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1982;69:208-212.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7056952?tool=bestpractice.com关节内和硬膜外给药途径则较少被认识到与肾上腺皮质功能不全相关,也许是患者接受上述途径的频率较少或患者对于自己已经接受糖皮质激素治疗的情况缺乏认识。[3]Duclos M, Guinot M, Colsy M, et al. High risk of adrenal insufficiency after a single articular steroid injection in athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39:1036-1043.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17596769?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Mader R, Lavi I, Luboshitzky R. Evaluation of the pituitary-adrenal axis function following single intraarticular injection of methylprednisolone. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:924-928.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15751089?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Wicki J, Droz M, Cirafici L, et al. Acute adrenal crisis in a patient treated with intraarticular steroid therapy. J Rheumatol. 2000;27:510-511.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10685823?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Lansang MC, Farmer T, Kennedy L. Diagnosing the unrecognized systemic absorption of intra-articular and epidural steroid injections. Endocr Pract. 2009;15:225-228.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19364690?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Habib GS. Systemic effects of intra-articular corticosteroids. Clin Rheumatol. 2009;28:749-756.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19252817?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Kay J, Findling JW, Raff H. Epidural triacinolone suppresses the pituitary-adrenal axis in human subjects. Anesth Analg. 1994;79:501-505.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8067555?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Jacobs S, Pullan PT, Potter JM, et al. Adrenal suppression following extradural steroids. Anaesthesia. 1983;38:953-956.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6314836?tool=bestpractice.com
虽然鼻内和局部途径给药也是继发性肾上腺功能抑制的原因,但与成人相比,局部给药是造成儿童继发性肾上腺功能抑制的更常见原因。[20]Guven A, Gulumser O, Ozgen T. Cushing's syndrome and adrenocortical insufficiency caused by topical steroids: misuse or abuse? J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2007;20:1173-1182.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18183788?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Gen R, Akbay E, Sezer K. Cushing syndrome caused by topical corticosteroid: a case report. Am J Med Sci. 2007;333:173-174.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17496736?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Atabek ME, Pirgon O, Unal E. Pituitary-adrenal axis suppression due to topical steroid administration in an infant. Pediatr Int. 2007;49:242-244.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17445047?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Siklar Z, Bostanci I, Atli O, et al. An infantile Cushing syndrome due to misuse of topical steroid. Pediatr Dermatol. 2004;21:561-563.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15461763?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Woo WK, McKenna KE. Iatrogenic adrenal gland suppression from use of a potent topical steroid. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2003;28:672-673.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14616843?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Gilbertson EO, Spellman MC, Piacquadio DJ, et al. Super potent topical corticosteroid use associated with adrenal suppression: clinical considerations. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38:318-321.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9486706?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Bong JL, Connell JMC, Lever R. Intranasal betamethasone induced acne and adrenal suppression. Br J Dermatol. 2000;142:579-580.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10777272?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Levin C, Maibach HI. Topical corticosteroid-induced adrenocortical insufficiency: clinical implications. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2002;3:141-147.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11978135?tool=bestpractice.com