婴儿或幼儿头部、颈部或躯干如出现青肿则强烈预示人为损伤。 4 个月以下婴儿身体任何部位如出现青肿则强烈预示人为损伤。[63]Pierce MC, Kaczor K, Aldridge S, et al. Bruising characteristics discriminating physical child abuse from accidental trauma. Pediatrics. 2010;125:67-74.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19969620?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Hymel KP, Armijo-Garcia V, Foster R, et al; Pediatric Brain Injury Research Network (PediBIRN) Investigators. Validation of a clinical prediction rule for pediatric abusive head trauma. Pediatrics. 2014;134:e1537-e1544.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/134/6/e1537.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25404722?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Cowley LE, Morris CB, Maguire SA, et al. Validation of a prediction tool for abusive head trauma. Pediatrics. 2015;136:290-298.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26216332?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Maguire SA, Kemp AM, Lumb RC, et al. Estimating the probability of abusive head trauma: a pooled analysis. Pediatrics. 2011;128:e550-e564.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21844052?tool=bestpractice.com
头部和面部是最常见的虐待性青肿部位,[107]Dunstan FD, Guildea ZE, Kontos K, et al. A scoring system for bruise patterns: a tool for identifying abuse. Arch Dis Child. 2002;86:330-333.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1751094/pdf/v086p00330.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11970921?tool=bestpractice.com[109]Atwal GS, Rutty GN, Carter N, et al. Bruising in non-accidental head injured children; a retrospective study of the prevalence, distribution and pathological associations in 24 cases. Forensic Sci Int. 1998;96:215-230.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9854835?tool=bestpractice.com[110]de Silva S, Oates RK. Child homicide - the extreme of child abuse. Med J Aust. 1993;158:300-301.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8474367?tool=bestpractice.com 伴有臀部和软组织青肿。虐待性青肿可能反映所使用的物体的正面或反面图案(例如,皮带搭扣)或呈现散在擦伤(例如,在绳索损伤中)。
应仔细检查头皮是否有青肿,因为这些损伤可能伴有创伤性脑损伤;11% 的非意外头部损伤儿童表现有面部或头皮青肿。[111]Ghahreman A, Bhasin V, Chaseling R, et al. Nonaccidental head injuries in children: a Sydney experience. J Neurosurg. 2005;103:213-218.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16238073?tool=bestpractice.com