检查 试验表明有肝硬化证据的所有患者都要重视食管胃底静脉曲张出血。[4]Garcia-Tsao G, Sanyal AJ, Grace ND, et al. Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2007;46:922-938.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17879356?tool=bestpractice.com[5]The Italian Liver Cirrhosis Project. Reliability of endoscopy in the assessment of variceal features. J Hepatol. 1987;4:93-98.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3494762?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Cales P, Zabotto B, Meskens C, et al. Gastroesophageal endoscopic features in cirrhosis. Observer variability, interassociations, and relationship to hepatic dysfunction. Gastroenterology. 1990;98:156-162.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2293575?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Berzigotti A, Bosch J, Boyer TD. Use of noninvasive markers of portal hypertension and timing of screening endoscopy for gastroesophageal varices in patients with chronic liver disease. Hepatology. 2014;59:729-731.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.26652/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23913844?tool=bestpractice.com在肝硬度<20 kPa 并且血小板计数>150,000 的患者中,可以安全地省去内窥镜检查。[27]de Franchis R; Baveno VI Faculty. Expanding consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno VI consensus workshop: stratifying risk and individualizing care for portal hypertension. J Hepatol. 2015;63:743-752.http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278%2815%2900349-9/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26047908?tool=bestpractice.com结论如下:轻度——食管上段黏膜表面细小的静脉扩张;中度——迂曲静脉少于食管内径的1/3;重度——曲张静脉超过食管内径的1/3。
食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血最重要的预测性危险因素是曲张静脉的大小,伴有粗大曲张静脉的患者存在最高的首次出血发生的风险。[3]North Italian Endoscopic Club for the Study and Treatment of Esophageal Varices. Prediction of the first variceal hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and esophageal varices. A prospective multicenter study. N Engl J Med. 1988;319:983-989.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3262200?tool=bestpractice.com内镜发现红痕征(定义为沿曲张静脉长轴表面分布的鞭痕样标记)也是重要的预测性危险因素。