怀孕和产后女性
关于妊娠期和产后甲状腺功能和甲状腺过氧化物酶 (TPO) 抗体的筛检存有争议。TPO 抗体阳性提示 11 倍产后甲状腺炎风险,[4]Stagnaro-Green A. Clinical review 152: postpartum thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:4042-4047.http://press.endocrine.org/doi/full/10.1210/jc.2002-020524http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12213841?tool=bestpractice.com同时与 2 倍流产率相关(在一项研究中可通过左甲状腺素治疗降低流产率)。[25]Negro R, Formoso G, Mangieri T, et al. Levothyroxine treatment in euthyroid pregnant women with autoimmune thyroid disease: effects on obstetrical complications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:2587-2591.http://press.endocrine.org/doi/full/10.1210/jc.2005-1603http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16621910?tool=bestpractice.com在怀孕期间,TSH升高可能会对胎儿神经系统发育和随后的智力有不良影响。[26]Haddow JE, Palomaki GE, Allan WC, et al. Maternal thyroid deficiency during pregnancy and subsequent neuropsychological development of the child. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:549-555.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199908193410801#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10451459?tool=bestpractice.com“然而,是否在怀孕期间进行甲状腺功能筛查或积极发现甲状腺功能异常以减少不良结果,仍然存在争议。[27]Taylor PN, Okosieme OE, Premawardhana L, et al. Should all women be screened for thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy? Womens Health (Lond Engl). 2015;11:295-307.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26102469?tool=bestpractice.com可能因女性将症状归于缺乏睡眠和母乳喂养而不能发现产后甲状腺功能异常。美国甲状腺协会指南建议筛查高风险患者,比如那些有症状或甲状腺功能障碍史、甲状腺肿、甲状腺手术史、年龄超过30岁、已知TPO抗体阳性、1型糖尿病或其他自身免疫性甲状腺疾病、流产或早产史、不孕、颈部放射史、甲状腺疾病的家族史、BMI>40 kg/m^2,使用胺碘酮或锂或最近接触到碘造影剂或居住在碘缺乏地区的人。[28]Stagnaro-Green A, Abalovich M, Alexander E, et al. Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and postpartum. Thyroid. 2011;21:1081-1125.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3472679/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21787128?tool=bestpractice.com内分泌学会指南建议对已知甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体阳性或 1 型糖尿病的女性进行筛查,并建议在产后甲状腺炎发作后每年测定 TSH 水平。[29]Abalovich M, Amino N, Barbour LA, et al. Management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and postpartum: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:2543-2565.http://press.endocrine.org/doi/full/10.1210/jc.2011-2803http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22869843?tool=bestpractice.com