约37%肛门直肠脓肿患者合并或可进展形成肛瘘。[14]Hamalainen KP, Sainio AP. Incidence of fistulas after drainage of acute anorectal abscesses. Dis Colon Rectum. 1998;41:1357-1361.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9823799?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Vasilevsky CA, Gordon PH. The incidence of recurrent abscesses or fistula-in-ano following anorectal suppuration. Dis Colon Rectum. 1984;27:126-130.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6697831?tool=bestpractice.com 若行外科引流术术中检查提示合并肛瘘,需考虑同时对此瘘管进行治疗。 目前这点尚存争议。[26]Tang CL, Chew SP, Seow-Choen F. Prospective randomized trial of drainage alone vs. drainage and fistulotomy for acute perianal abscesses with proven internal opening. Dis Colon Rectum. 1996;39:1415-1417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8969668?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Cox SW, Senagore AJ, Luchtefeld MA, et al. Outcome after incision and drainage with fistulotomy for ischiorectal abscess. Am Surg. 1997;63:686-689.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9247434?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Knoefel WT, Hosch SB, Hoyer B, et al. The initial approach to anorectal abscesses: fistulotomy is safe and reduces the chance of recurrences. Dig Surg. 2000;17:274-278.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10867462?tool=bestpractice.com复发率、持续性脓肿/肛瘘发生率及重复手术率的降低:有力证据表明,相较于分别进行肛周脓肿切开术及引流术的患者,联合进行病灶切开及瘘管引流术可显著降低复发率、持续性脓肿/肛瘘发生率及重复手术率。上述二者在瘘管引流术后1年内排便失禁的发生率方面对比并未提示存在显著统计学差异。[30]Malik A, Nelson RL, Tou S. Incision and drainage of perianal abscess with or without treatment of anal fistula. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(7):CD006827.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD006827/pdf_fs.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20614450?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。若肛裂位置表浅,括约肌受累范围不超过其整体结构的25%,一部分外科医生认为可行瘘管切开术治疗。
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