维生素 D 的代谢取决于日晒以及肝脏和肾脏中酶的转化作用。紫外线能将 7-脱氢胆固醇转化为大肠杆菌(维生素 D3)。胆骨化醇还可从食物中获取。通过肝脏中的维生素 D 25-羟化酶将胆骨化醇转化成骨化二醇(25-羟基维生素 D)。通过肾脏中的 1-α-羟化酶将骨化二醇转化成骨化三醇(1,25-二羟基维生素 D)。钙化醇(维生素 D2)可从食物中获取,并以与胆骨化醇类似的方式进行代谢。[4]Nield LS, Mahajan P, Joshi A, et al. Rickets: not a disease of the past. Am Fam Physician. 2006 Aug 15;74(4):619-26.https://www.aafp.org/afp/2006/0815/p619.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16939184?tool=bestpractice.com
钙缺乏性佝偻病的病因包括营养性或吸收不良的维生素 D 缺乏、1-α-羟化酶缺陷、维生素 D 受体功能障碍、饮食中钙缺乏或慢性肾衰竭导致的肾脏维生素 D 合成减少。[5]Chesney RW. Bone structure, growth, and hormonal regulation. In: Behrman RE, Kliegman RM, Jenson HB, eds. Nelson textbook of pediatrics, 17th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2004.
西方国家的婴儿维生素 D 供应不足的主要原因是长期母乳喂养而未补充维生素 D,同时还避免暴露于日光。在北纬或南纬四十度以上的地区,冬季月份会出现胆骨化醇合成无效,因此缺乏更常见。[11]Bandeira F, Griz L, Dreyer P, et al. Vitamin D deficiency: a global perspective. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2006 Aug;50(4):640-6.http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0004-27302006000400009&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=enhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17117289?tool=bestpractice.com
对于正常的婴幼儿,推荐用于预防缺乏的维生素 D 摄入量为 200 U/天。美国国家医学院 (Institute of Medicine) 已将该剂量更新至 600 U/天。除非母亲接受维生素 D 补充,否则人类母乳中维生素 D 含量通常<25 U/L。[4]Nield LS, Mahajan P, Joshi A, et al. Rickets: not a disease of the past. Am Fam Physician. 2006 Aug 15;74(4):619-26.https://www.aafp.org/afp/2006/0815/p619.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16939184?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Weisberg P, Scanlon KS, Li R, et al. Nutritional rickets among children in the United States: review of cases reported between 1986 and 2003. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Dec;80(suppl 6):1697-705S.https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/80/6/1697S/4690514http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15585790?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Holick MF. Resurrection of vitamin D deficiency and rickets. J Clin Invest. 2006 Aug;116(8):2062-72.https://www.jci.org/articles/view/JCI29449http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16886050?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Ashraf S, Mughal MZ. The prevalence of rickets among non-Caucasian children. Arch Dis Child. 2002 Sep;87(3):263-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12193454?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Dobrescu MO, Garcia AC, Robert M. Rickets. CMAJ. 2006 Jun 6;174(12):1710.http://www.cmaj.ca/content/174/12/1710.1.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16754897?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Wagner CL, Greer FR. Prevention of rickets and vitamin D deficiency in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2008 Nov;122(5):1142-52.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/122/5/1142.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18977996?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Ross AC, Manson JE, Abrams SA, et al. The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D from the Institute of Medicine: what clinicians need to know. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Jan;96(1):53-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21118827?tool=bestpractice.com
磷酸盐缺乏性佝偻病几乎总是由肾脏磷酸盐消耗引起。纤维母细胞生长因子-23( FGF-23)是一种由成骨细胞、破骨细胞及骨细胞分泌的激素,可减少肾脏对磷酸盐的重吸收。遗传性低血磷性佝偻病、肿瘤性低血磷性佝偻病及与 McCune-Albright 综合征相关的佝偻病均由血液 FGF-23 含量过高引起。伴有高钙血症、Fanconi 综合征和II型肾小管性酸中毒的遗传性低磷血症性佝偻病由离子转运蛋白基因突变引发。[6]Alizadeh Naderi AS, Reilly RF. Hereditary disorders of renal phosphate wasting. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2010 Nov;6(11):657-65.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20924400?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Prié D, Friedlander G. Genetic disorders of renal phosphate transport. N Engl J Med. 2010 Jun 24;362(25):2399-409.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20573928?tool=bestpractice.com 磷酸盐营养缺乏是一种罕见的佝偻病原因。大部分食物中富含磷酸盐,但对成长中的婴儿可能不够,或者因抗酸药被沉淀于胃中。[3]Wharton B, Bishop N. Rickets. Lancet. 2003 Oct 25;362(9393):1389-400.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14585642?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Chesney RW. Bone structure, growth, and hormonal regulation. In: Behrman RE, Kliegman RM, Jenson HB, eds. Nelson textbook of pediatrics, 17th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2004.
可导致钙和磷酸盐缺乏的药物包括袢利尿剂和皮质类固醇,而苯妥英可导致靶器官对骨化三醇产生抵抗。[4]Nield LS, Mahajan P, Joshi A, et al. Rickets: not a disease of the past. Am Fam Physician. 2006 Aug 15;74(4):619-26.https://www.aafp.org/afp/2006/0815/p619.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16939184?tool=bestpractice.com