炭疽

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Brachman P. Inhalation anthrax. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1980;353:83-93.

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Bush LM, Abrams BH, Beall A, et al. Index case of fatal inhalational anthrax due to bioterrorism in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1607-1610.

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Hendricks KA, Wright ME, Shadomy SV, et al. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention expert panel meetings on prevention and treatment of anthrax in adults. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20.

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Huang E, Pillai SK, Bower WA, et al. Antitoxin treatment of inhalation anthrax: a systematic review. Health Secur. 2015;13:365-377.

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1.  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis): case definition. 2018 [internet publication].

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2.  Dixon TC, Meselson M, Guillemin J, et al. Anthrax. New Engl J Med. 1999;341:815-826.

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3.  Taylor JP, Dimmitt DC, Ezzell JW, et al. Indigenous human cutaneous anthrax in Texas. South Med J. 1993;86:1-4.

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4.  Human cutaneous anthrax - North Carolina, 1987. Arch Dermatol. 1988;124:1324.

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5.  Leads from the MMWR: human cutaneous anthrax - North Carolina, 1987. JAMA. 1988;260:616.

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6.  Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Human cutaneous anthrax - North Carolina, 1987. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1988;37:413-414.

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7.  Meselson M, Guillemin J, Hugh-Jones M, et al. The Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak of 1979. Science. 1994;266:1202-1208.

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8.  Shafazand S, Doyle R, Ruoss S, et al. Inhalational anthrax: epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. Chest. 1999;116:1369-1376.

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9.  Nguyen TQ, Clark N, Karpati A, et al; 2006 NYC Anthrax Working Group. Public health and environmental response to the first case of naturally acquired inhalational anthrax in the United States in 30 years: infection of a New York City resident who worked with dried animal hides. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2010;16:189-200.

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10.  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Gastrointestinal anthrax after an animal-hide drumming event - New Hampshire and Massachusetts, 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010;59:872-877.

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11.  Anaraki S, Addiman S, Nixon G, et al. Investigations and control measures following a case of inhalation anthrax in East London in a drum maker and drummer, October 2008. Euro Surveill. 2008;13:19076.

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12.  Mwenye KS, Siziya S, Peterson D. Factors associated with human anthrax outbreak in the Chikupo and Ngandu villages of Murewa district in Mashonaland East Province, Zimbabwe. Cent Afr J Med. 1996;42:312-315.

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13.  Brachman P. Inhalation anthrax. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1980;353:83-93.

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14.  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax - Connecticut, 2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2001:50:1077-1079.

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15.  Jernigan DB, Raghunathan PL, Bell BP, et al; National Anthrax Epidemiologic Investigation Team. Investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax, United States, 2001: epidemiologic findings. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;8:1019-1028.

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16.  Kanafani ZA, Ghossain A, Sharara AI, et al. Endemic gastrointestinal anthrax in 1960s Lebanon: clinical manifestations and surgical findings. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9:520-525.

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17.  Health Protection Scotland. An outbreak of anthrax among drug users in Scotland, December 2009 to December 2010: a report on behalf of the National Anthrax Outbreak Control Team. December 2011 [internet publication].

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18.  Grunow R, Klee SR, Beyer W, et al. Anthrax among heroin users in Europe possibly caused by same Bacillus anthracis strain since 2000. Euro Surveill. 2013;18:20437.

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19.  Knox D, Murray G, Millar M, et al. Subcutaneous anthrax in three intravenous drug users: a new clinical diagnosis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2011;93:414-417.

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20.  Friedlander AM. Anthrax: clinical features, pathogenesis, and potential biological warfare threat. Curr Clin Top Infect Dis. 2000;20:335-349.

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21.  Manchee RJ, Broster MG, Stagg AJ, et al. Formaldehyde solution effectively inactivates spores of Bacillus anthracis on the Scottish island of Gruinard. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1994;60:4167-4171.

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22.  Ross JM. The pathogenesis of anthrax following the administration of spores by the respiratory route. J Pathol Bacteriol. 1957;73:485-494.

23.  Leppla SH. Anthrax toxin edema factor: a bacterial adenylate cyclase that increases cyclic AMP concentrations of eukaryotic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982;79:3162-3166.

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24.  Leppla SH. Bacillus anthracis calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase: chemical and enzymatic properties and interactions with cells. Adv Cyclic Nucleotide Protein Phosphorylation Res. 1984;17:189-198.

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25.  O'Brien J, Friedlander A, Dreier T, et al. Effects of anthrax toxin components on human neutrophils. Infect Immun. 1985;47:306-310.

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26.  Alexeyev OA, Morozov VG, Suzdaltseva TV, et al. Impaired neutrophil function in the cutaneous form of anthrax. Infection. 1994;22:281-282.

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27.  Hammond SE, Hanna PC. Lethal factor active-site mutations affect catalytic activity in vitro. Infect Immun. 1998;66:2374-2378.

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28.  Hanna PC, Kruskal BA, Ezekowitz RA, et al. Role of macrophage oxidative burst in the action of anthrax lethal toxin. Mol Med. 1994;1:7-18.

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29.  Klimpel KR, Arora N, Leppla SH. Anthrax toxin lethal factor contains a zinc metalloprotease consensus sequence which is required for lethal toxin activity. Mol Microbiol. 1994;13:1093-1100.

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30.  Dutz W, Kohout E. Anthrax. Pathol Annu. 1971;6:209-248.

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31.  Dahlgren CM, Buchanan LM, Decker HM, et al. Bacillus anthracis aerosols in goat hair processing mills. Am J Hyg. 1960;72:24-31.

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32.  Albrink WS, Brooks SM, Biron RE, et al. Human inhalation anthrax: a report of three fatal cases. Am J Pathol. 1960;36:457-471.

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33.  Brachman PS, Kaufman AF, Dalldorf FG. Industrial inhalation anthrax. Bacteriol Rev. 1966;30:646-659.

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34.  Inglesby TV, Henderson DA, Bartlett JG, et al. Anthrax as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. JAMA. 1999;281:1735-1745.

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35.  Fox MD, Kaufmann AF, Zendel SA, et al. Anthrax in Louisiana, 1971: epizootiologic study. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1973;163:446-451.

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36.  Heyworth B, Ropp ME, Voos UG, et al. Anthrax in the Gambia: an epidemiological study. Br Med J. 1975;4:79-82.

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37.  Fox MD, Boyce JM, Kaufmann AF, et al. An epizootiologic study of anthrax in Falls County, Texas. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1977;170:327-333.

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38.  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Anthrax prevention. May 2018 [internet publication].

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39.  Wright JG, Quinn CP, Shadomy S, et al. Use of anthrax vaccine in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2009. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2010 Jul 23;59(RR-6):1-30.

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40.  Donegan S, Bellamy R, Gamble CL. Vaccines for preventing anthrax. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009(2):CD006403.

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41.  Public Health England. Anthrax: the green book, chapter 13. February 2017 [internet publication].

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42.  LaForce FM. Anthrax. Clin Infect Dis. 1994;19:1009-1014.

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43.  Alizad A, Ayoub EM, Makki N. Intestinal anthrax in a two-year-old child. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1995;14:394-395.

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44.  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommended specimens for microbiology and pathology for diagnosis of anthrax. January 2017 [internet publication].

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45.  Gold H. Treatment of anthrax. Fed Proc. 1967;26:1563-1568.

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46.  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update: investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax and interim guidelines for clinical evaluation of persons with possible anthrax. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2001;50:941-948.

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47.  Shlyakhov E, Rubinstein E. Evaluation of the anthraxin skin test for diagnosis of acute and past human anthrax. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1996;15:242-245.

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48.  Guarner J, Zaki SR. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of bioterrorism agents. J Histochem Cytochem. 2006;54:3-11.

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49.  Vessal K, Yeganehdoust J, Dutz W, et al. Radiological changes in inhalation anthrax. A report of radiological and pathological correlation in two cases. Clin Radiol. 1975;26:471-474.

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50.  Mina B, Dym JP, Kuepper F, et al. Fatal inhalational anthrax with unknown source of exposure in a 61-year-old woman in New York City. JAMA. 2002;287:858-862.

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51.  Bush LM, Abrams BH, Beall A, et al. Index case of fatal inhalational anthrax due to bioterrorism in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1607-1610.

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52.  Mayer TA, Bersoff-Matcha S, Murphy C, et al. Clinical presentation of inhalational anthrax following bioterrorism exposure: report of 2 surviving patients. JAMA. 2001;286:2549-2553.

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53.  Beatty ME, Ashford DA, Griffin PM, et al. Gastrointestinal anthrax: review of the literature. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:2527-2531.

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54.  Oncul O, Ozsoy MF, Gul HC, et al. Cutaneous anthrax in Turkey: a review of 32 cases. Scand J Infect Dis. 2002;34:413-416.

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55.  Sirisanthana T, Navachareon N, Tharavichitkul P, et al. Outbreak of oral-oropharyngeal anthrax: an unusual manifestation of human infection with Bacillus anthracis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1984;33:144-150.

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56.  Haig DM, McInnes C, Deane D, et al. The immune and inflammatory response to orf virus. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infectious Dis. 1997;20:197-204.

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57.  Swanson DL, Vetter RS. Bites of brown recluse spiders and suspected necrotic arachnidism. N Engl J Med. 2005 Feb 17;352(7):700-7.

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58.  Cinti SK, Saravolatz L, Nafziger D, et al. Differentiating inhalational anthrax from other influenza-like illnesses in the setting of a national or regional anthrax outbreak. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:674-676.

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59.  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC health information for international travel (Yellow Book). Chapter 3: infectious diseases related to travel – anthrax. May 2017 [internet publication]

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60.  Hendricks KA, Wright ME, Shadomy SV, et al. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention expert panel meetings on prevention and treatment of anthrax in adults. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20.

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61.  Jernigan JA, Stephens DS, Ashford DA, et al. Bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax: the first 10 cases reported in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7:933-944.

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62.  Tsai CW, Morris S. Approval of raxibacumab for the treatment of inhalation anthrax under the US Food and Drug Administration "animal rule". Front Microbiol. 2015;6:1320.

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63.  Nagy CF, Mondick J, Serbina N, et al. Animal-to-human dose translation of obiltoxaximab for treatment of inhalational anthrax under the US FDA animal rule. Clin Transl Sci. 2017;10:12-19.

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64.  Huang E, Pillai SK, Bower WA, et al. Antitoxin treatment of inhalation anthrax: a systematic review. Health Secur. 2015;13:365-377.

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65.  Kammanadiminti S, Patnaikuni RK, Comer J, et al. Combination therapy with antibiotics and anthrax immune globulin intravenous (AIGIV) is potentially more effective than antibiotics alone in rabbit model of inhalational anthrax. PLoS One. 2014;9:e106393.

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66.  Holty JE, Bravata DM, Liu H, et al. Systematic review: a century of inhalational anthrax cases from 1900 to 2005. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144:270-280.

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67.  Meaney-Delman D, Zotti ME, Creanga AA, et al. Special considerations for prophylaxis for and treatment of anthrax in pregnant and postpartum women. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20.

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68.  Reissman DB, Whitney EA, Taylor TH Jr, et al. One-year health assessment of adult survivors of Bacillus anthracis infection. JAMA. 2004;291:1994-1998.

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69.  Murphy D, Marteau TM, Wessely S. A longitudinal study of UK military personnel offered anthrax vaccination: informed choice, symptom reporting, uptake and pre-vaccination health. Vaccine. 2012;30:1094-1100.

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70.  Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). ACIP anthrax vaccine work group. February 2018 [internet publication].

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