内脏利什曼病 (VL) 患者的治疗预后因人而异。治疗期间的死亡可以归因于疾病的并发症(如细菌性叠加感染,出血),或者与药物有关(如锑化合物引起的心脏骤停)。脂质体两性霉素 B、灭特复星或巴龙霉素治疗的病死率可能最低,但是目前尚未取得使用这些药物治疗的大量盲选患者的研究数据。[82]Bern C, Adler-Moore J, Berenguer J, et al. Liposomal amphotericin B for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:917-924.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/43/7/917.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16941377?tool=bestpractice.com[129]Sundar S, Chakravarty J, Rai VK, et al. Amphotericin B treatment for Indian visceral leishmaniasis: response to 15 daily versus alternate-day infusions. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:556-561.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/5/556.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17682988?tool=bestpractice.com[144]Mueller Y, Nguimfack A, Cavailler P, et al. Safety and effectiveness of amphotericin B deoxycholate for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in Uganda. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2008;102:11-19.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18186974?tool=bestpractice.com45 岁以上患者、重度营养不良以及病程长或 HIV 合并感染的患者,使用五价锑化合物治疗的病死率更高。[117]Ritmeijer K, Dejenie A, Assefa Y, et al. A comparison of miltefosine and sodium stibogluconate for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in an Ethiopian population with high prevalence of HIV infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:357-364.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/43/3/357.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16804852?tool=bestpractice.com[145]Collin S, Davidson R, Ritmeijer K, et al. Conflict and kala-azar: determinants of adverse outcomes of kala-azar among patients in southern Sudan. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38:612-619.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/38/5/612.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14986243?tool=bestpractice.com在免疫功能正常的患者和 HIV 合并感染患者中,两性霉素 B 脱氧胆酸盐治疗的病死率与五价锑化合物相似。[118]Laguna F, Lopez-Velez R, Pulido F, et al. Treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-infected patients: a randomized trial comparing meglumine antimoniate with amphotericin B. Spanish HIV-Leishmania Study Group. AIDS. 1999;13:1063-1069.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10397536?tool=bestpractice.com[144]Mueller Y, Nguimfack A, Cavailler P, et al. Safety and effectiveness of amphotericin B deoxycholate for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in Uganda. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2008;102:11-19.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18186974?tool=bestpractice.com葡萄糖酸锑钠联用巴龙霉素短程疗法与苏丹患者死亡风险较低相关。[146]Melaku Y, Collin SM, Keus K, et al. Treatment of kala-azar in southern Sudan using a 17-day regimen of sodium stibogluconate combined with paromomycin: a retrospective comparison with 30-day sodium stibogluconate monotherapy. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007;77:89-94.http://www.ajtmh.org/content/77/1/89.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17620635?tool=bestpractice.com
治愈
在治疗结束时要针对初始治愈进行临床评估(发热消失,总体情况改善,脾脏缩小)和实验室检测(贫血状况改善,炎症标志物正常化)。一个或多个迹象无好转的患者需要进行组织抽出物显微镜检查(也被称为治愈检查)。不论给予何种抗利什曼原虫药物,免疫抑制患者治疗无效的风险皆高于免疫功能正常患者。
复发
对于免疫功能正常患者的患者如果临床检查和实验室检查结果均正常,即可在初始治愈的 6 个月后明确宣布治愈。复发病例较为罕见,但是印度比哈尔邦或尼泊尔东南部患者使用五价锑化合物治疗的情况例外。[127]Sundar S, More DK, Singh MK, et al. Failure of pentavalent antimony in visceral leishmaniasis in India: report from the center of the Indian epidemic. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31:1104-1107.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/31/4/1104.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11049798?tool=bestpractice.com[130]Rijal S, Chappuis F, Singh R, et al. Treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in south-eastern Nepal: decreasing efficacy of sodium stibogluconate and need for a policy to limit further decline. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2003;97:350-354.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15228258?tool=bestpractice.com[131]Thakur CP, Narain S, Kumar N, et al. Amphotericin B is superior to sodium antimony gluconate in the treatment of Indian post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1997;91:611-616.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9425363?tool=bestpractice.com相比之下,大多数 HIV 合并感染的患者会在初始治疗开始后的 3-6 个月内复发,且后续通常会多次复发。HIV-内脏利什曼病合并感染患者的复发危险因素包括:随访期间的 CD4+ 细胞计数未升高;缺少二级预防治疗;既往有内脏利什曼病复发病史以及内脏利什曼病初步诊断时的 CD4+ 细胞计数小于 100cells/mL。[147]Cota GF, de Sousa MR, Rabello A. Predictors of visceral leishmaniasis relapse in HIV-infected patients: a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011;5:e1153.http://www.plosntds.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pntd.0001153http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21666786?tool=bestpractice.com黑热病后皮肤利什曼病可能会在内脏利什曼病治疗的数月或数年后出现。此病会出现斑块、斑丘疹或结节,主要可见于苏丹患者。