对流行性 HUS 的治疗
绝大多数(估计 90%)HUS 患者为肠出血性大肠杆菌感染的儿童。有血性腹泻、腹痛、恶心和呕吐等典型表现的儿童应住院治疗。这可能加速诊断和血管内容量维持,并可能降低并发症和传染的危险。[5]Bell BP, Goldoft M, Griffin PM, et al. A multistate outbreak of Escherichia coli 0157:H7-associated bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome from hamburgers. The Washington experience. JAMA. 1994;272:1349-1353.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7933395?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Boyce TG, Swerdlow DL, Griffin PM. Escherichia coli O157:H7 and the hemolytic uremic syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:364-368.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7609755?tool=bestpractice.com
治疗的目的是支持性的:[39]Banerjee S. Hemolytic uremic syndrome. Indian Pediatr. 2009;46:1075-1084.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20061586?tool=bestpractice.com
维持血容量:对于表现为血小板减少症和碎片红细胞,伴或不伴肌酐水平升高的儿童,应怀疑有大肠杆菌 O157:H7感染,并且在接受评价时应照此进行治疗。应密切关注体液平衡和监测尿排出量。[36]Asherson RA, Cervera R, Piette JC, et al. Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: clinical and laboratory features of 50 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 1998;77:195-207.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9653431?tool=bestpractice.com维持良好的补水对于最大程度地降低肾损伤有重要意义。需要特别注意避免心肺过载,特别是因为这些患者存在发生少尿的危险。[40]Tarr PI, Neill MA. Escherichia coli O157:H7. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2001;30:735-751.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11586555?tool=bestpractice.com
应监测血压,如果升高的话,进行治疗。高血压可继发于少尿或无尿患者的血容量升高或者继发于肾素-血管紧张素系统激活,应对其进行控制以免肾损伤加重。对于高血压治疗而言,钙通道阻滞剂是急性期的首选药物。[41]Siegler RL. The hemolytic uremic syndrome. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1995;42:1505-1529.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8614598?tool=bestpractice.com因为担心肾灌注减少,所以一般不推荐在急性期使用血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂,但是推荐用于 HUS 发生后终末期肾脏疾病的患者。[42]Caletti MG, Lejarraga H, Kelmansky D, et al. Two different therapeutic regimes in patients with sequelae of hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol. 2004;19:1148-1152.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15221428?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Van Dyck M, Proesmans W. Renoprotection by ACE inhibitors after severe hemolytic uremic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol. 2004;19:688-690.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15064939?tool=bestpractice.com
避免使用能够增加不可逆转肾损害风险的干预措施:
建议避免使用抗生素、抗蠕动剂(止泻剂)、麻醉性阿片类药物或非甾体抗炎药。不推荐给予抗生素用于治疗肠出血性大肠杆菌感染,因为有可能增加 HUS 的风险。[10]Tarr PI, Gordon CA, Chandler WL. Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli and haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Lancet. 2005;365:1073-1086.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15781103?tool=bestpractice.com已证实抗蠕动剂可增加 HUS 和 CNS 并发症的风险。[5]Bell BP, Goldoft M, Griffin PM, et al. A multistate outbreak of Escherichia coli 0157:H7-associated bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome from hamburgers. The Washington experience. JAMA. 1994;272:1349-1353.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7933395?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Cimolai N, Morrison BJ, Carter JE. Risk factors for the central nervous system manifestations of gastroenteritis-associated hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Pediatrics. 1992;90:616-621.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1408519?tool=bestpractice.com
血小板输注与临床恶化相关联,如果可能的话,应该避免。[45]Bell WR, Braine HG, Ness PM, et al. Improved survival in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-hemolytic uremic syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:398-403.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2062331?tool=bestpractice.com
贫血常见,可突然发生,需要输注红细胞。
大约 50% 的患者需要在急性期接受透析。[44]Cimolai N, Morrison BJ, Carter JE. Risk factors for the central nervous system manifestations of gastroenteritis-associated hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Pediatrics. 1992;90:616-621.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1408519?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Siegler RL, Pavia AT, Christofferson RD. A 20-year population-based study of postdiarrheal hemolytic uremic syndrome in Utah. Pediatrics. 1994;94:35-40.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8008534?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Rowe PC, Orrbine E, Lior H, et al. Risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome after sporadic Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection: results of a Canadian collaborative study. J Pediatr. 1998;132:777-782.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9602185?tool=bestpractice.com对于发生不可逆性肾衰竭的患者,应考虑实施肾移植。
基于在一次暴发期间的成功应用,推荐血浆置换用于治疗成人中产毒素大肠杆菌相关的腹泻。[48]Dundas S Murphy J, Soutar RL, et al. Effectiveness of therapeutic plasma exchange in the 1996 Lanarkshire Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreak. Lancet. 1999;354:1327-1330.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10533860?tool=bestpractice.com
散发性和继发性 HUS 的治疗。
大约 10% 的出现临床 HUS 的患者没有腹泻前驱症状,该人群主要为成人。而他们更可能存在正常的ADAMTS13 水平,因此其病理生理学机制不同于临床表现提示血栓性血小板减少性紫癜 (TTP)(不太严重的肾功能不全),TTP 和 HUS 之间存在明显的重叠,以致很多专家推荐将它们作为一个整体 (TTP/HUS) 进行治疗。[2]George JN. How I treat patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-hemolytic uremic syndrome. Blood. 2000;96:1223-1229.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/reprint/96/4/1223http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10942361?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Tuncer HH, Oster RA, Huang ST, et al. Predictors of response and relapse in a cohort of adults with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-hemolytic uremic syndrome: a single-institution experience. Transfusion. 2007;47:107-114.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17207238?tool=bestpractice.com
血浆置换是治疗的关键。没有确凿的证据表明皮质类固醇或肝素辅助疗法有效。与化疗或骨髓移植相关联的 HUS 一般预后不良,未确定血浆置换的效果。
对那些有肾衰竭的患者开展透析。对于有不可逆肾衰竭的患者,可实施肾移植,尽管具有补体因子 H 或 I 突变的患者复发率偏高。[50]Loirat C, Fakhouri F, Ariceta G, et al. An international consensus approach to the management of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2016;31:15-39.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25859752?tool=bestpractice.com具有膜辅助因子蛋白异常的患者疾病复发率较低。[51]Kavanagh D, Goodship TH, Richards A. Atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Br Med Bull. 2006;77-78:5-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16968692?tool=bestpractice.com