无症状患者
当前的指南不建议筛查普通人群。[34]Weusten B, Bisschops R, Coron E, et al. Endoscopic management of Barrett's esophagus: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) position statement. Endoscopy. 2017;49:191-198.https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/html/10.1055/s-0042-122140http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28122386?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Shaheen NJ, Falk GW, Iyer PG, et al. ACG Clinical Guideline: diagnosis and management of Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016;111:30-50;quiz 51.https://www.nature.com/ajg/journal/v111/n1/full/ajg2015322a.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26526079?tool=bestpractice.comBarrett 食管通常在因其他适应证而接受上消化道内镜评估的无症状患者中被偶然发现。
GORD 患者
美国胃肠病学会 (American College of Gastroenterology) 和欧洲胃肠内镜学会 (European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy) 建议使用基于风险的筛选流程来识别可能受益于 Barrett 食管筛查和监测方案的个体。[34]Weusten B, Bisschops R, Coron E, et al. Endoscopic management of Barrett's esophagus: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) position statement. Endoscopy. 2017;49:191-198.https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/html/10.1055/s-0042-122140http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28122386?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Shaheen NJ, Falk GW, Iyer PG, et al. ACG Clinical Guideline: diagnosis and management of Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016;111:30-50;quiz 51.https://www.nature.com/ajg/journal/v111/n1/full/ajg2015322a.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26526079?tool=bestpractice.com这些指南建议考虑对有多个食管腺癌相关危险因素的患者进行 Barrett 食管内镜筛查,此类危险因素包括:年龄>50 岁,男性,白人,慢性(>5 年)或频繁(每周一次或多次)胃食管反流症状,向心性肥胖(腰围>102 cm 或腰臀比>0.9),当前或既往吸烟史,以及 Barrett 食管或食管腺癌的明确家族史。
Barrett 食管的监测
异型增生或癌症监测方案的目标为,通过早期病变检测来改善生存率。以前支持参与监测方案可改善 Barrett 食管患者结局的证据相互矛盾。不过,基于人群的研究现已证明,通过及早诊断食管腺癌,参与监测方案的 Barrett 食管患者的生存率有所提高。[49]Bhat SK, McManus DT, Coleman HG, et al. Oesophageal adenocarcinoma and prior diagnosis of Barrett's oesophagus: a population-based study. Gut. 2015;64:20-25.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24700439?tool=bestpractice.com
在启动监测方案之前,必须详细讨论个体患者的潜在获益和风险,以及目前可用监测手段的局限性。必须考虑与重复内镜评估、内镜治疗、手术、化疗和放疗相关的个人意愿。
目前,高分辨率/高清晰度白光内镜是 Barrett 食管监测的标准方式。[34]Weusten B, Bisschops R, Coron E, et al. Endoscopic management of Barrett's esophagus: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) position statement. Endoscopy. 2017;49:191-198.https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/html/10.1055/s-0042-122140http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28122386?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Shaheen NJ, Falk GW, Iyer PG, et al. ACG Clinical Guideline: diagnosis and management of Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016;111:30-50;quiz 51.https://www.nature.com/ajg/journal/v111/n1/full/ajg2015322a.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26526079?tool=bestpractice.com虽然先进的影像学技术(例如色素内镜检查、自体荧光内镜检查或共聚焦显微内镜检查)可能被证实对某些经选择的病例有用,但是不推荐常规使用这些技术。[34]Weusten B, Bisschops R, Coron E, et al. Endoscopic management of Barrett's esophagus: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) position statement. Endoscopy. 2017;49:191-198.https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/html/10.1055/s-0042-122140http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28122386?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Shaheen NJ, Falk GW, Iyer PG, et al. ACG Clinical Guideline: diagnosis and management of Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016;111:30-50;quiz 51.https://www.nature.com/ajg/journal/v111/n1/full/ajg2015322a.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26526079?tool=bestpractice.com电子色素内镜检查使用滤光器使白光的带宽缩小,成为蓝光。后处理软件可提供类似的效果,并且在新一代内镜上随时可用。关于常规使用电子色素内镜检查是否导致 Barrett 食管患者的异型增生或肿瘤检出率增加,仍有争议,因为不同研究的结果并不一致。[50]Sharma P, Hawes RH, Bansal A, et al. Standard endoscopy with random biopsies versus narrow band imaging targeted biopsies in Barrett's oesophagus: a prospective, international, randomised controlled trial. Gut. 2013;62:15-21.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22315471?tool=bestpractice.com不过,一项 meta 分析的数据表明,当使用电子色素内镜检查时,异型增生或肿瘤检出率增加。[42]Qumseya BJ, Wang H, Badie N, et al. Advanced imaging technologies increase detection of dysplasia and neoplasia in patients with Barrett's esophagus: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11:1562-1570.http://www.cghjournal.org/article/S1542-3565(13)00922-1/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23851020?tool=bestpractice.com
在无异型增生的情况下,应根据 Barrett 食管的长度对监测时间间隔进行分层:对于最大受累长度<3 cm 的无异型增生性 Barrett 食管,监测时间间隔为 5 年;对于最大受累长度>3 cm 的无异型增生性 Barrett 食管,监测时间间隔为 3 年。