一般没有必要行心脏活检。提倡针对特定患者群体进行治疗以减轻症状(可能继发于主动脉瓣下梗阻、舒张功能障碍或心肌缺血)和减少 HCM 最严重的并发症:即猝死。
所有患者都应接受初步的评估和治疗
初步评估时,应将患者分为有症状和无症状两类。还需要进行危险分层,以进一步明确猝死的风险。[1]Maron BJ, Olivotto I, Maron MS. The dilemma of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: do patients with gradients really deserve prophylactic defibrillators? Eur Heart J. 2006;27:1895-1897.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16818455?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Gersh BJ, Maron BJ, Bonow RO, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2011;124:e783-e831.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/124/24/e783.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22068434?tool=bestpractice.com只有存在与流出道梗阻、舒张功能障碍或收缩功能障碍相关的症状的患者需要药物治疗。只有特定的心脏性猝死高危的患者需要植入心律转复除颤器 (implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, ICD)。可采用 2003 年 ACC/ESC 和 2011 年 ACCF/AHA 指南对人群进行危险分层,但这些指南在这一方面的效力有限。[53]O'Mahony C, Tome-Esteban M, Lambiase PD, et al. A validation study of the 2003 American College of Cardiology/European Society of Cardiology and 2011 American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association risk stratification and treatment algorithms for sudden cardiac death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart. 2013;99:534-541.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23339826?tool=bestpractice.com一项采用当前危险分层模型的回顾性研究错将心源性猝死患者和/或采用相应的植入型心律转复除颤器 (ICD) 干预的患者分类为低风险。[35]Maron BJ, Casey SA, Chan RH, et al. Independent assessment of the European Society of Cardiology sudden death risk model for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2015;116:757-764.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26183790?tool=bestpractice.com进一步研究已在大规模人群中验证心源性猝死的风险分层模型。[54]Fernández A, Quiroga A, Ochoa JP, et al. Validation of the 2014 European Society of Cardiology sudden cardiac death risk prediction model in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a reference center in South America. Am J Cardiol. 2016;118:121-126.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27189816?tool=bestpractice.com
所有患者应避免高强度竞技性运动。对于有明显 HCM 症状的患者,劳力与心源性猝死的关系:来自观察性研究的中等质量证据表明,由于心源性猝死与劳力有关,因此有明显 HCM 症状的患者应避免高强度的竞技运动。[55]Maron BJ, McKenna WJ, Danielson GK, et al. American College of Cardiology/European Society of Cardiology clinical expert consensus document on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J. 2003;24:1965-1991.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/21/1965.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14585256?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。在除颤器植入后,还要限制活动。根据个人情况,可进行低强度的业余或休闲时间的活动,还要考虑避免在活动中发生意识丧失,导致创伤或溺亡的情况。[56]Pelliccia A, Corrado D, Bjørnstad HH, et al. Recommendations for participation in competitive sport and leisure-time physical activity in individuals with cardiomyopathies, myocarditis and pericarditis. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2006;13:876-885.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17143118?tool=bestpractice.com
猝死高危的患者
对于年轻的 HCM 患者,猝死是最常见的死亡原因,发生率为每年 1%。[57]Klein GJ, Krahn AD, Skanes AC, et al. Primary prophylaxis of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, and dilated cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2005;16(Suppl 1):S28-S34.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16138882?tool=bestpractice.com猝死的可能机制是继发于心肌缺血的室性心动过速。[2]Wigle ED, Rakowski H, Kimball BP, et al. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: clinical spectrum and treatment. Circulation. 1995;92:1680-1692.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/92/7/1680.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7671349?tool=bestpractice.com典型的猝死常发生于极度运动时。药物治疗或手术治疗不能降低大规模人群的猝死风险。因此,对于有重大猝死风险的患者,植入型心律转复除颤器治疗为一线治疗方式。[1]Maron BJ, Olivotto I, Maron MS. The dilemma of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: do patients with gradients really deserve prophylactic defibrillators? Eur Heart J. 2006;27:1895-1897.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16818455?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Gersh BJ, Maron BJ, Bonow RO, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2011;124:e783-e831.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/124/24/e783.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22068434?tool=bestpractice.com心源性猝死的强危险因素包括:[1]Maron BJ, Olivotto I, Maron MS. The dilemma of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: do patients with gradients really deserve prophylactic defibrillators? Eur Heart J. 2006;27:1895-1897.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16818455?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Gersh BJ, Maron BJ, Bonow RO, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2011;124:e783-e831.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/124/24/e783.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22068434?tool=bestpractice.com
系列动态心电图监测发现的非持续性室性心动过速。
有心脏骤停史
这两种情况都是ICD植入适应证。但还没有随机对照试验研究 HCM 患者植入 ICD 后的效果,仅有的证据来自于观察性研究。存在心源性猝死强危险因素的患者出现植入型心律转复除颤器 (ICD) 适当放电率:来自观察性研究的中等质量证据表明,有心脏停搏、室性心动过速和其他猝死强危险因素史的患者出现的 ICD 适当放电率更高。[58]Epstein AE, DiMarco JP, Ellenbogen KA, et al. ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:e1-e62.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleID=1138927http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18498951?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。在这一人群中,ICD 植入后引发的并发症也不少见,据报道其年度发生率为 3.4%。[59]Schinkel AF, Vriesendorp PA, Sijbrands EJ, et al. Outcome and complications after implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Heart Fail. 2012;5:552-559.http://circheartfailure.ahajournals.org/content/5/5/552.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22821634?tool=bestpractice.comICD植入后应避免参加身体碰撞可能性大的运动。[60]Brignole M, Auricchio A, Baron-Esquivias G, et al; ESC Committee for Practice
Guidelines (CPG). 2013 ESC Guidelines on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:2281-2329.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/34/29/2281.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23801822?tool=bestpractice.com
无症状患者:非猝死高危
如果患者不考虑为猝死高危人群,不需要植入ICD。既无症状,又非高危的患者仅需密切观察HCM的进展。基于有限的数据,对于有基因突变但没有明显疾病征象的人群进行活动限制可能是明智的,但还存在争议。[36]Maron BJ, Ackerman MJ, Nishimura RA, et al. Task Force 4: HCM and other cardiomyopathies, mitral valve prolapse, myocarditis, and Marfan syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:1340-1345.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleID=1136515http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15837284?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Corrado D, Pelliccia A, Bjornstad HH, et al. Cardiovascular pre-participation screening of young competitive athletes for prevention of sudden death: proposal for a common European protocol. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:516-524.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/26/5/516/2888062/Cardiovascular-pre-participation-screening-ofhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15689345?tool=bestpractice.com如果每隔12-18个月进行1次心脏超声、心电图、动态心电图检查和运动试验都正常,可以参加一些运动。[36]Maron BJ, Ackerman MJ, Nishimura RA, et al. Task Force 4: HCM and other cardiomyopathies, mitral valve prolapse, myocarditis, and Marfan syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:1340-1345.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleID=1136515http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15837284?tool=bestpractice.com所有患者应避免高强度竞技性运动。
有症状的患者:左室流出道梗阻伴收缩功能尚正常
静息或诱发后流出道梗阻的有症状患者可首先使用负性肌力或负性传导药物,以减轻梗阻。对药物的耐受现象较为常见,药物剂量应随着时间进行调整。
并发症的管理
患者可逐渐出现缺血的症状。HCM患者的缺血是多因素的,治疗起来并不容易。使用负性肌力或负性传导药物降低心肌需氧量有益。有报道称,特定患者在接受心肌桥(冠状动脉穿行于心肌中)松解术后会出现症状性改善,但相关数据仍较缺乏。[44]Yetman AT, McCrindle BW, MacDonald C, et al. Myocardial bridging in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - a risk factor for sudden death. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1201-1209.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9780340?tool=bestpractice.com[73]Fiorani B, Capuano F, Bilotta F, et al. Myocardial bridging in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a plea for surgical correction. Ital Heart J. 2005:6:922-924.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16320929?tool=bestpractice.com而且,心肌桥在HCM患者中常见,与心脏性猝死的关系没有定论。[74]Sorajja P, Ommen SR, Nishimura RA, et al. Myocardial bridging in adult patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42:889-894.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12957438?tool=bestpractice.com[75]Basso C, Thiene G, Mackey-Bojack S, et al. Myocardial bridging, a frequent component of the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotype, lacks systematic association with sudden cardiac death. Eur Heart J. 2009;30:1627-1634.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/30/13/1627.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19406869?tool=bestpractice.com因此,当建议患者接受手术治疗时,需要考虑手术相关的风险。
如果患者罹患有症状的室性心律失常,或患有重大、无症状的室性心律失常,应当植入除颤器。[29]Gersh BJ, Maron BJ, Bonow RO, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2011;124:e783-e831.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/124/24/e783.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22068434?tool=bestpractice.com
房性心律失常,包括房颤,在老年HCM患者中常见。20%-50%的HCM患者伴有房颤。三分之二的患者的耐受性差。[29]Gersh BJ, Maron BJ, Bonow RO, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2011;124:e783-e831.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/124/24/e783.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22068434?tool=bestpractice.com因此,需要积极转复房颤为窦性心律。阵发性或慢性心房颤动与左心房扩大有关。[2]Wigle ED, Rakowski H, Kimball BP, et al. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: clinical spectrum and treatment. Circulation. 1995;92:1680-1692.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/92/7/1680.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7671349?tool=bestpractice.com随着年龄增加,房颤的发病率增加。心房颤动与心力衰竭相关的死亡、致死性和非致死性卒中的发生以及有心力衰竭症状的长期疾病进展独立相关。[29]Gersh BJ, Maron BJ, Bonow RO, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2011;124:e783-e831.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/124/24/e783.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22068434?tool=bestpractice.com在48h内发作的房颤,经食管超声没有发现心脏内有血栓时,可考虑电转复或药物转复。胺碘酮是最有效的预防房颤复发的药物。[76]January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e1-e76.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1854231http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24685669?tool=bestpractice.com对于慢性心房颤动,β 受体阻滞剂和维拉帕米可有效控制心率。[29]Gersh BJ, Maron BJ, Bonow RO, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2011;124:e783-e831.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/124/24/e783.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22068434?tool=bestpractice.com如果患者的心肌肥厚程度明显,地高辛不常用于控制心房率。一般认为这些患者具有显著的全身血栓栓塞风险,因此开始抗凝治疗的阈值应较低。[29]Gersh BJ, Maron BJ, Bonow RO, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2011;124:e783-e831.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/124/24/e783.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22068434?tool=bestpractice.com有阵发性或慢性心房颤动的 HCM 患者使用华法林抗凝的国际标准化比值 (INR) 目标值推荐为 2.0-3.0。[29]Gersh BJ, Maron BJ, Bonow RO, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2011;124:e783-e831.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/124/24/e783.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22068434?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Fuster V, Ryden L, Cannom D, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation - executive summary. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:854-906.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1137853http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16904574?tool=bestpractice.comHCM患者应用新型的直接凝血酶抑制剂来替代抗凝还没有相关的研究。[29]Gersh BJ, Maron BJ, Bonow RO, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2011;124:e783-e831.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/124/24/e783.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22068434?tool=bestpractice.com
与其他心脏病患者相似,有症状的窦房结功能异常的HCM患者,有植入永久起搏器的适应证。有症状的高度房室传导阻滞,或伴有心律失常如房颤或室性心律失常等的患者,在出现心动过缓或长间歇时,也需要植入永久起搏器。
患者同时有梗阻和心功能下降不多见。有收缩性和/或舒张性心功能不全的患者伴有明显的梗阻时,应注意预防左室流出道梗阻的恶化。这些患者需要在专家的指导下个体化管理。
有症状:无流出道梗阻伴左室收缩功能尚正常
症状与舒张功能异常有关,充盈受损会导致排出量下降和肺充血。治疗舒张功能异常还没有明确的方法,若患者心率较快,舒张期充盈进一步降低的话,需要给予负性传导药物,这对患者有益。[2]Wigle ED, Rakowski H, Kimball BP, et al. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: clinical spectrum and treatment. Circulation. 1995;92:1680-1692.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/92/7/1680.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7671349?tool=bestpractice.com
维拉帕米可促进心肌舒张,改善心室舒张,并可缓解症状。其负性肌力作用也可帮助缓解症状。可使用β受体阻滞剂,因其有负性传导作用,可以改善舒张功能。不推荐使用双异丙吡胺,这种情况下,该药物与其他药物相比可降低心排出量。
对并发症的管理
如果患者出现缺血的症状或证据,使用负性肌力和负性传导药物降低心肌耗氧量已被证实有益。此时需要查找缺血的原因,即左室流出道梗阻、CAD或心肌桥。
如果患者罹患有症状的室性心律失常,或患有重大、无症状的室性心律失常,应当植入除颤器。[29]Gersh BJ, Maron BJ, Bonow RO, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2011;124:e783-e831.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/124/24/e783.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22068434?tool=bestpractice.com
对于左室流出道梗阻为主要表现的患者发生的房性心律失常(即房颤),应尽量维持窦性心律。一般认为这些患者具有显著的全身血栓栓塞风险,因此开始抗凝治疗的阈值应较低。[29]Gersh BJ, Maron BJ, Bonow RO, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2011;124:e783-e831.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/124/24/e783.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22068434?tool=bestpractice.com有阵发性或慢性心房颤动的 HCM 患者使用华法林抗凝的国际标准化比值 (INR) 目标值推荐为 2.0-3.0。[29]Gersh BJ, Maron BJ, Bonow RO, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2011;124:e783-e831.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/124/24/e783.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22068434?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Fuster V, Ryden L, Cannom D, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation - executive summary. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:854-906.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1137853http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16904574?tool=bestpractice.com还没有关于HCM患者应用新型口服抗凝药物的研究。[29]Gersh BJ, Maron BJ, Bonow RO, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2011;124:e783-e831.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/124/24/e783.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22068434?tool=bestpractice.com
有症状的窦房结功能异常的HCM患者,有植入永久起搏器适应证。有症状的高度房室传导阻滞,或伴有心律失常如房颤或室性心律失常等的患者,在出现心动过缓或长间歇时,也需要植入永久起搏器。
有症状:出现收缩功能障碍的终末期心力衰竭
从出现症状到疾病晚期的平均时间是 14 年。[78]Harris KM, Spirito P, Maron MS, et al. Prevalence, clinical profile and significance of left ventricular remodeling in the end-stage phase of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2006;114:216-225.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/114/3/216.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16831987?tool=bestpractice.com当收缩功能恶化,左室开始重构并开始逐渐扩大。终末期HCM的机制可能是弥漫性的缺血性损伤。发展至晚期的危险因素包括诊断时年龄较轻,症状更重,左室腔较大和终末期疾病的家族史。一旦出现这种并发症,死亡率就会很高,距离死亡或心脏移植的平均时间为 2.7±2.1 年。[78]Harris KM, Spirito P, Maron MS, et al. Prevalence, clinical profile and significance of left ventricular remodeling in the end-stage phase of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2006;114:216-225.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/114/3/216.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16831987?tool=bestpractice.com
这些患者需要标准的抗心力衰竭治疗,包括启动β受体阻滞剂和ACEI或血管紧张素受体拮抗剂。二线治疗包括地高辛、利尿剂或醛固酮受体拮抗剂。与其他原因引起的心力衰竭相比,利尿剂应用应该慎重一些,因为这些患者的前负荷是受损的。左室肥大伴功能下降的患者可使用地高辛。在左室肥厚的情况下使用地高辛并非常规。若存在旁路导致的预激综合征时,不应使用地高辛,因为房室结阻滞可致心房的心律失常通过旁路前传加速,加重室性心律失常或导致血流动力学紊乱。若患者对药物治疗的效果差,需要建议接受心脏移植。