EM是发生于易感个体的一种超敏反应,能被多种病因尤其是感染因素所诱发。[2]Sokumbi O, Wetter DA. Clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of erythema multiforme: a review for the practicing dermatologist. Int J Dermatol. 2012;51:889-902.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2011.05348.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22788803?tool=bestpractice.com[3]French LE, Prins C. Erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. In: Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Rapini RP, eds. Dermatology. 2nd ed. London, UK: Mosby-Elsevier; 2008:287-300.[4]Bastuji-Garin S, Rzany B, Stern RS, et al. Clinical classification of cases of toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and erythema multiforme. Arch Dermatol. 1993;129:92-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8420497?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Assier H, Bastuji-Garin S, Revuz J, et al. Erythema multiforme with mucous membrane involvement and Stevens-Johnson syndrome are clinically different disorders with distinct causes. Arch Dermatol. 1995;131:539-543.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7741539?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Auquier-Dunant A, Mockenhaupt M, Maldi L, et al. Correlations between clinical patterns and causes of erythema multiforme majus, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis: results of an international prospective study. Arch Dermatol. 2002;138:1019-1024.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12164739?tool=bestpractice.com 最常见的相关感染为单纯疱疹病毒和支原体感染。其他相关感染包括乙型肝炎、EB 病毒、巨细胞病毒、组织胞浆菌病(伴随结节性红斑)、羊痘病毒感染(一种由副痘病毒引起的绵羊和山羊的疾病,可传播至人)、球孢子菌病、川崎病、[10]Eun LY, Go JW, Kang WH, et al. Erythema multiforme associated with Kawasaki Disease in a Korean child. Eur J Dermatol. 2010;20:524-525.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20507837?tool=bestpractice.com 带状疱疹、[11]Kishore BN, Ankadavar NS, Kamath GH, et al. Varicella zoster with erythema multiforme in a young girl: a rare association. Indian J Dermatol. 2014;59:299-301.http://www.e-ijd.org/article.asp?issn=0019-5154;year=2014;volume=59;issue=3;spage=299;epage=301;aulast=Kishorehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24891667?tool=bestpractice.com 以及加德纳菌感染。通过快速聚合酶链反应 (PCR) 可以鉴别带状疱疹相关性 EM 与全身性疱疹播散。[12]Kasuya A, Sakabe J, Kageyama R, et al. Successful differentiation of herpes zoster-associated erythema multiforme from generalized extension of herpes by rapid polymerase chain reaction analysis. J Dermatol. 2014;41:542-544.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24909215?tool=bestpractice.com 相关药物包括氨基青霉素、多西他赛、TNF-α 抑制剂、[13]Borrás-Blasco J, Navarro-Ruiz A, Borrás C, et al. Adverse cutaneous reactions induced by TNF-alpha antagonist therapy. South Med J. 2009;102:1133-1140.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19864977?tool=bestpractice.com 抗疟药、口服避孕药、抗惊厥药(例如来那度胺),[14]Lenalidomide: Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Prescrire Int. 2010;19:125.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20740722?tool=bestpractice.com 以及利多卡因注射液。有一篇病例报告称咪喹莫特可诱发 EM。[15]Ballester I, Guijarro J, Silvestre JF, et al. Erythema multiforme induced by imiquimod 5% cream. Int J Dermatol. 2014;53:e347-e348.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24602041?tool=bestpractice.com 已知一些疫苗(例如乙型肝炎、天花、水痘、脑膜炎球菌、人乳头状瘤病毒和汉坦病毒疫苗等)以及由接触性变应原和纹身引起的变态反应也可诱发这种疾病。[16]Chahal D, Aleshin M, Turegano M et al. Vaccine-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis: A case and systematic review. Dermatol Online J. 2018;24: pii: 13030/qt7qn5268s.https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7qn5268shttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29469759?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Allione A, Dutto L, Castagna E, et al. Erythema multiforme caused by tattoo: a further case. Intern Emerg Med. 2011;6:263-265.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20567939?tool=bestpractice.com 已有报告称萘普生是一种触发物质。[18]Sai Keerthana PC, Anila KN, Reshma R. Naproxen induced erythema multiforme - A rare case report. Int J Pharm and Pharmaceutical Sci. 2017;9:294-295.https://innovareacademics.in/journals/index.php/ijpps/article/viewFile/14903/9961 光诱发皮损与他汀类药物有关。[19]Rodríguez-Pazos L, Sánchez-Aguilar D, Rodríguez-Granados MT, et al. Erythema multiforme photoinduced by statins. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2010;26:216-218.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20626826?tool=bestpractice.com 很多病例的病因不明。 但诊断患者为特发性EM之前应仔细查询病因。[20]Lamoreux MR, Stern MR, Hsu WT. Erythema multiforme. Am Fam Physician. 2006;74:1883-1888.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17168345?tool=bestpractice.com 针对天然提取物触发 EM(例如丁香)[21]Gantala R, Devaraju RR, G SG, et al. Condiments costing high. . . ! A case report of erythema multiforme. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015;9:ZD22-ZD24.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4573057/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26393224?tool=bestpractice.com 或加重疱疹相关 EM(例如金银花)的报告[22]Kumar MS, Kumar MH, Kumar VS, et al. Herpes-associated erythema multiforme worsened by a Siddha drug, Alpinia galanga, in an 18-year-old man. BMJ Case Rep. 2015;2015.pii: bcr2015212303.http://casereports.bmj.com/content/2015/bcr-2015-212303.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26392454?tool=bestpractice.com 已见于文献中。