乙肝感染患者中 1%-5% 诊断为结节性多动脉炎 (PAN),[13]McMahon BJ, Heyward WL, Templin DW, et al. Hepatitis B-associated polyarteritis nodosa in Alaskan Eskimos: clinical and epidemiologic features and long-term follow-up. Hepatology. 1989;9:97-101.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2562798?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Erhardt A, Sagir A, Guillevin L, et al. Successful treatment of hepatitis B virus associated polyarteritis nodosa with a combination of prednisolone, alpha-interferon and lamivudine. J Hepatol. 2000;33:677-683.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11059878?tool=bestpractice.com 与背景人群相比,发生风险增加约 1000 倍。[11]Watts RA, Scott DG. Epidemiology of vasculitis. In: Bridges L, Ball G, eds. Vasculitis. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2008:7-22.
7% - 38.5% 结节性多动脉炎 (PAN) 患者有乙型肝炎病毒感染,可认为乙型肝炎病毒感染与疾病的进展直接相关。 由于乙型肝炎病毒的疫苗接种以及改良的血液制品筛查技术,HBV 相关结节性多动脉炎 (PAN) 的患病率近年已经降低。[15]Mahr A, Guillevin L, Poissonnet M, et al. Prevalences of polyarteritis nodosa, microscopic polyangiitis, Wegener's granulomatosis, and Churg-Strauss syndrome in a French urban multiethnic population in 2000: a capture-recapture estimate. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;51:92-99.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14872461?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Pagnoux C, Cohen P, Guillevin L. Vasculitides secondary to infections. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2006;24(2 suppl 41):S71-S81.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16859600?tool=bestpractice.com
通过抗病毒治疗可根除乙型肝炎病毒以及通过血浆置换清除免疫复合物可减少免疫抑制剂长期使用,这些治疗方案的疗效证实了乙型肝炎病毒和免疫复合物的致病性。[20]Guillevin L, Lhote F, Cohen P, et al. Polyarteritis nodosa related to hepatitis B virus: a prospective study with long-term observation of 41 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 1995;74:238-253.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7565065?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Soufir N, Descamps V, Crickx B, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection in cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa: a retrospective study of 16 cases. Arch Dermatol. 1999;135:1001-1002.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10456366?tool=bestpractice.com