链球菌 TSS 是由链球菌致热性外毒素(超抗原)和毒力因子(有 1 型和 3 型 M 蛋白的M 菌株)介导的,这些毒力因子可激活免疫系统释放炎症细胞因子。[46]Kotb M. Bacterial pyrogenic exotoxins as superantigens. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1995;8:411-426.http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/reprint/8/3/411http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7553574?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Norrby-Teglund A, Thulin P, Gan BS, et al. Evidence for superantigen involvement in severe group A streptococcal tissue infections. J Infect Dis. 2001;184:853-860.http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/184/7/853.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11509997?tool=bestpractice.com细胞因子(TNF-α、白介素 [IL]-1 和 IL-6)可导致休克和多器官衰竭。[48]Stevens DL, Bryant AE, Hackett SP, et al. Group A streptococcal bacteremia: the role of tumor necrosis factor in shock and organ failure. J Infect Dis. 1996;173:619-626.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8627025?tool=bestpractice.com最严重的侵袭性 A 族链球菌感染中可发现链球菌致热外毒素 A (SPEA) 和 B (SPEB)。链球菌超抗原 (SSA) 与 TSS 有关。[24]Gaworzewska ET, Coleman G. Correspondence: group A streptococcal infections and a toxic shock-like syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1989;321:1546.[49]Stegmayr B, Bjorck S, Holm S, et al. Septic shock induced by group A streptococcal infections: clinical and therapeutic aspects. Scand J Infect Dis. 1992;24:589-597.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1465576?tool=bestpractice.com侵袭性 A 族链球菌感染的患者,其抗 M 蛋白和超抗原的抗体水平显著降低,提示缺乏针对 A 族链球菌毒力因子的体液免疫会导致机体对侵袭性感染的易感性增加。[50]Holm SE, Norrby A, Bergholm AM, et al. Aspects of pathogenesis of serious group A streptococcal infections in Sweden, 1988-1989. J Infect Dis. 1992;166:31-37.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1607705?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Eriksson BK, Andersson J, Holm SE, et al. Invasive group A streptococcal infections: T1M1 isolates expressing pyrogenic exotoxins A and B in combination with selective lack of toxin-neutralizing antibodies are associated with increased risk of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. J Infect Dis. 1999;180:410-418.http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/180/2/410.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10395857?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Norrby-Teglund A, Newton D, Kotb M, et al. Superantigenic properties of the group A streptococcal exotoxin SpeF (MF). Infect Immun. 1994;62:5227-5233.http://iai.asm.org/cgi/reprint/62/12/5227http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7960098?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Norrby-Teglund A, Kotb M. Host-microbe interactions in the pathogenesis of invasive group A streptococcal infections. J Med Microbiol. 2000;49:849-852.http://jmm.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/49/10/849.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11023181?tool=bestpractice.com一些研究表明对 A 族链球菌毒力因子的保护性体液免疫在预防疾病方面起着重要作用。[28]Kaul R, McGeer A, Low DE, et al. Population-based surveillance for group A streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis: clinical features, prognostic indicators, and microbiological analysis of seventy-seven cases. Am J Med. 1997;103:18-24.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9236481?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Holm SE, Norrby A, Bergholm AM, et al. Aspects of pathogenesis of serious group A streptococcal infections in Sweden, 1988-1989. J Infect Dis. 1992;166:31-37.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1607705?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Eriksson BK, Andersson J, Holm SE, et al. Invasive group A streptococcal infections: T1M1 isolates expressing pyrogenic exotoxins A and B in combination with selective lack of toxin-neutralizing antibodies are associated with increased risk of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. J Infect Dis. 1999;180:410-418.http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/180/2/410.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10395857?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Norrby-Teglund A, Newton D, Kotb M, et al. Superantigenic properties of the group A streptococcal exotoxin SpeF (MF). Infect Immun. 1994;62:5227-5233.http://iai.asm.org/cgi/reprint/62/12/5227http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7960098?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Norrby-Teglund A, Kotb M. Host-microbe interactions in the pathogenesis of invasive group A streptococcal infections. J Med Microbiol. 2000;49:849-852.http://jmm.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/49/10/849.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11023181?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Barry W, Hudgins L, Donta ST, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for toxic shock syndrome. JAMA. 1992;267:3315-3316.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1597914?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Basma H, Norrby-Teglund A, Guedez Y, et al. Risk factors in the pathogenesis of invasive group A streptococcal infections: role of protective humoral immunity. Infect Immun. 1999;67:1871-1877.http://iai.asm.org/cgi/content/full/67/4/1871http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10085030?tool=bestpractice.com已从链球菌感染患者中分离出不同 emm 基因型的 A 族链球菌感染。更近期的研究发现 emm-49 基因型与重症侵袭性链球菌感染有关。已证明侵袭性 A 族链球菌感染中存在 CsrS 基因突变。[56]Ato M, Ikebe T, Kawataba H, et al. Incompetence of neutrophils to invasive group A streptococcus is attributed to induction of plural virulence factors by dysfunction of a regulator. PLoS ONE. 2008;3:3455.http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0003455
MSSA 或 MRSA的葡萄球菌 TSS 是由 TSS 毒素-1 (TSST-1) 引起的。与经期 TSS 相关的菌株中有 90% 至 100%,以及非经期病例中有40% 至 60% 可发现这种外毒素。[57]Kikuchi K, Takahashi N, Piao C, et al. Molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains causing neonatal toxic shock syndrome-like exanthematous disease in neonatal and perinatal wards. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41:3001-3006.http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/content/full/41/7/3001http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12843033?tool=bestpractice.com[58]van der Mee-Marquet N, Lina G, Quentin R, et al. Staphylococcal exanthematous disease in a newborn due to a virulent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain containing the TSST-1 gene in Europe: an alert for neonatologists. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41:4883-4884.http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/content/full/41/10/4883http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14532250?tool=bestpractice.com[59]De Boer ML, Kum WW, Pang LT, et al. Co-production of staphylococcal enterotoxin A with toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) enhances TSST-1 mediated mortality in a D-galactosamine sensitized mouse model of lethal shock. Microb Pathog. 1999;27:61-70.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10458917?tool=bestpractice.com社区获得性 MSSA 和 MRSA 菌株更可能产生肠毒素 B 或 C。[60]Lehn N, Schaller E, Wagner H, et al. Frequency of toxic shock syndrome toxin- and enterotoxin-producing clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1995;14:43-46.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7729452?tool=bestpractice.com肠毒素 C、D、E、H 较少出现。[61]Parsonnet J, Hansmann MA, Delaney ML, et al. Prevalence of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 producing Staphylococcus aureus and the presence of antibodies to this superantigen in menstruating women. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:4628-4634.http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/content/full/43/9/4628http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16145118?tool=bestpractice.com到 40 岁时,90% 至 95% 的人可产生抗 TSST-1 抗体。[11]Chesney PJ. Clinical aspects and spectrum of illness of toxic shock syndrome: overview. Rev Infect Dis. 1989;11(suppl 1):1-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2522671?tool=bestpractice.com临床 TSS 患者缺乏抗 TSST-1 和其他葡萄球菌肠毒素抗体,且通常在康复期内无法产生抗体。[62]Bonventre PF, Thompson MR, Adinolfi LE, et al. Neutralization of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 by monoclonal antibodies in vitro and in vivo. Infect Immun. 1988;56:135-141.http://iai.asm.org/cgi/reprint/56/1/135http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3257201?tool=bestpractice.com