5% 至 10% 的多发性骨髓瘤 (MM) 患者进展缓慢,无症状或终末器官损伤,也无需立即治疗;对于这些患者,可延迟至活动性疾病出现时开始治疗。然而,如果患者出现活动性 MM,在诊断时就应准备开始治疗。治疗的目标是诱导缓解、延长生存期、同时维持生活质量。所有需要治疗的患者均须接受诱导抗肿瘤疗法。决定患者是否进行大剂量疗法和干细胞移植 (SCT) 取决于年龄和合并症。[47]Bird JM, Owen RG, D'Sa S, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of multiple myeloma 2011. Br J Haematol. 2011 Jul;154(1):32-75.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.08573.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21569004?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Koreth J, Cutler CS, Djulbegovic B, et al. High-dose therapy with single autologous transplantation versus chemotherapy for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2007 Feb;13(2):183-96.http://www.bbmt.org/article/PIIS1083879106006446/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17241924?tool=bestpractice.com
诱导疗法:
传统方案作为前期诱导治疗,联合了化疗和非化疗药物。然而, 由于其疗效和耐受性的提高, 目前仅含有非化疗药物的制剂正在取代传统的化疗药物制剂。[49]Cavo M, Zamagni E, Tosi P, et al. Superiority of thalidomide and dexamethasone over vincristine-doxorubicin-dexamethasone (VAD) as primary therapy in preparation for autologous transplantation for multiple myeloma. Blood. 2005 Jul 1;106(1):35-9.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/106/1/35.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15761019?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Cavo M, Pantani L, Pezzi A, et al. Bortezomib-thalidomide-dexamethasone (VTD) is superior to bortezomib-cyclophosphamide-dexamethasone (VCD) as induction therapy prior to autologous stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma. Leukemia. 2015 Dec;29(12):2429-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26442610?tool=bestpractice.com
基于化疗的传统方案包括:硼替佐米加环磷酰胺加地塞米松 (VCD);硼替佐米加多柔比星加地塞米松 (PAD);长春新碱加多柔比星加地塞米松 (VAD)。[51]Alexanian R, Barlogie B, Tucker S. VAD-based regimens as primary treatment for multiple myeloma. Am J Hematol. 1990 Feb;33(2):86-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2301376?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Mai EK, Bertsch U, Dürig J, et al. Phase III trial of bortezomib, cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone (VCD) versus bortezomib, doxorubicin and dexamethasone (PAd) in newly diagnosed myeloma. Leukemia. 2015 Aug;29(8):1721-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25787915?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Alexanian R, Barlogie B, Tucker S. VAD-based regimens as primary treatment for multiple myeloma. Am J Hematol. 1990 Feb;33(2):86-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2301376?tool=bestpractice.com
非化疗方案使用地塞米松联合一个或多个以下药物:沙立度胺、来那度胺、或硼替佐米。[49]Cavo M, Zamagni E, Tosi P, et al. Superiority of thalidomide and dexamethasone over vincristine-doxorubicin-dexamethasone (VAD) as primary therapy in preparation for autologous transplantation for multiple myeloma. Blood. 2005 Jul 1;106(1):35-9.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/106/1/35.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15761019?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Rajkumar SV, Blood E, Vesole D, et al. Phase III clinical trial of thalidomide plus dexamethasone compared with dexamethasone alone in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a clinical trial coordinated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 2006 Jan 20;24(3):431-6.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/24/3/431.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16365178?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Rajkumar SV, Jacobus S, Callander NS, et al. Lenalidomide plus high-dose dexamethasone versus lenalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone as initial therapy for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: an open-label randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2010 Jan;11(1):29-37.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3042271/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19853510?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Sonneveld P, Goldschmidt H, Rosiñol L, et al. Bortezomib-based versus nonbortezomib-based induction treatment before autologous stem-cell transplantation in patients with previously untreated multiple myeloma: a meta-analysis of phase III randomized, controlled trials. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Sep 10;31(26):3279-87.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2012.48.4626http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23897961?tool=bestpractice.com [ ]In people with multiple myeloma, how does bortezomib affect outcomes?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1400/full显示答案 将地塞米松与沙立度胺、来那度胺、或硼替佐米复合而成的双药制剂,可诱发超过 60% 的应答率,且无重大毒性。[57]Palumbo A, Anderson K. Multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2011 Mar 17;364(11):1046-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21410373?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Lokhorst HM, van der Holt B, Zweegman S, et al. A randomized phase 3 study on the effect of thalidomide combined with adriamycin, dexamethasone, and high-dose melphalan, followed by thalidomide maintenance in patients with multiple myeloma. Blood. 2010 Feb 11;115(6):1113-20.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/115/6/1113.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19880501?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Harousseau JL, Attal M, Avet-Loiseau H, et al. Bortezomib plus dexamethasone is superior to vincristine plus doxorubicin plus dexamethasone as induction treatment prior to autologous stem-cell transplantation in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: results of the IFM 2005-01 phase III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Oct 20;28(30):4621-9.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2009.27.9158http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20823406?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Cavo M, Tacchetti P, Patriarca F, et al. Bortezomib with thalidomide plus dexamethasone compared with thalidomide plus dexamethasone as induction therapy before, and consolidation therapy after, double autologous stem-cell transplantation in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a randomised phase 3 study. Lancet. 2010 Dec 18;376(9758):2075-85.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21146205?tool=bestpractice.com 三药方案包括硼替佐米加沙立度胺加地塞米松 (VTD),以及来那度胺加硼替佐米加地塞米松 (RVD)。三药方案的完全反应率要高于两药方案。[61]Moreau P, Attal M, Facon T. Frontline therapy of multiple myeloma. Blood. 2015 May 14;125(20):3076-84.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/125/20/3076.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25838345?tool=bestpractice.com在临床试验中,VTD 和 RVD 显示出 75% 至 90% 的反应率(高达 50% 的完全反应率),且耐受性良好。[60]Cavo M, Tacchetti P, Patriarca F, et al. Bortezomib with thalidomide plus dexamethasone compared with thalidomide plus dexamethasone as induction therapy before, and consolidation therapy after, double autologous stem-cell transplantation in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a randomised phase 3 study. Lancet. 2010 Dec 18;376(9758):2075-85.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21146205?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Cavo M, Pantani L, Petrucci MT, et al. Bortezomib-thalidomide-dexamethasone is superior to thalidomide-dexamethasone as consolidation therapy after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Blood. 2012 Jul 5;120(1):9-19.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/120/1/9.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22498745?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Cavo M, Rajkumar SV, Palumbo A, et al. International Myeloma Working Group consensus approach to the treatment of multiple myeloma patients who are candidates for autologous stem cell transplantation. Blood. 2011 Jun 9;117(23):6063-73.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/117/23/6063.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21447828?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Moreau P, Avet-Loiseau H, Facon T, et al. Bortezomib plus dexamethasone versus reduced-dose bortezomib, thalidomide plus dexamethasone as induction treatment before autologous stem cell transplantation in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Blood. 2011 Nov 24;118(22):5752-8.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/118/22/5752.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21849487?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Rosiñol L, Oriol A, Teruel AI, et al. Superiority of bortezomib, thalidomide, and dexamethasone (VTD) as induction pretransplantation therapy in multiple myeloma: a randomized phase 3 PETHEMA/GEM study. Blood. 2012 Aug 23;120(8):1589-96.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/120/8/1589.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22791289?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Roussel M, Lauwers-Cances V, Robillard N, et al. Front-line transplantation program with lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone combination as induction and consolidation followed by lenalidomide maintenance in patients with multiple myeloma: a phase II study by the Intergroupe Francophone du Myélome. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Sep 1;32(25):2712-7.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2013.54.8164http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25024076?tool=bestpractice.com VTD 与 VCD 这一基于化疗的方案(硼替佐米、环磷酰胺、地塞米松)相比,前者的总体反应率显著更高。[67]Moreau P, Hulin C, Macro M, et al. VTD is superior to VCD prior to intensive therapy in multiple myeloma: results of the prospective IFM2013-04 trial. Blood. 2016 May 26;127(21):2569-74.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/127/21/2569.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27002117?tool=bestpractice.com另一个非化疗三药方案使用卡非佐米 (carfilzomib) 加来那度胺加地塞米松 (KRD)。这一方案作为诱导治疗时的反应率很好,但目前只用于复发患者。[68]Jakubowiak AJ, Dytfeld D, Griffith KA, et al. A phase 1/2 study of carfilzomib in combination with lenalidomide and low-dose dexamethasone as a frontline treatment for multiple myeloma. Blood. 2012 Aug 30;120(9):1801-9.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/120/9/1801.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22665938?tool=bestpractice.com
如果患者对初始诱导疗法无应答,应尝试不同的药物组合或治疗方案。
预先疗法的主要毒性并发症根据所使用的治疗方案,可为感染发作(例如,虽罕见,但可出现脓毒症);深静脉血栓形成;以及神经病。如果采用含沙利度胺与来那度胺的治疗方案,强烈建议使用低分子量肝素 (LMWH) 或阿司匹林进行预防性抗凝治疗。[69]Palumbo A, Rajkumar SV, Dimopoulos MA, et al. Prevention of thalidomide- and lenalidomide-associated thrombosis in myeloma. Leukemia. 2008 Feb;22(2):414-23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18094721?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Larocca A, Cavallo F, Bringhen S, et al. Aspirin or enoxaparin thromboprophylaxis for patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma treated with lenalidomide. Blood. 2012 Jan 26;119(4):933-9.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/119/4/933.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21835953?tool=bestpractice.com
需要在短时间内完成的最佳干细胞采集可通过 CXCR4 抑制剂普乐沙福 (plerixafor) 和粒细胞集落刺激因子的联合用药实现。[71]DiPersio JF, Stadtmauer EA, Nademanee A, et al. Plerixafor and G-CSF versus placebo and G-CSF to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells for autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with multiple myeloma. Blood. 2009 Jun 4;113(23):5720-6.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/113/23/5720.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19363221?tool=bestpractice.com[72]Micallef IN, Ho AD, Klein LM, et al. Plerixafor (Mozobil) for stem cell mobilization in patients with multiple myeloma previously treated with lenalidomide. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2011 Mar;46(3):350-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20479709?tool=bestpractice.com [ ]Can adding plerixafor to granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) improve outcomes in people undergoing autologous transplantation for multiple myeloma or non‐Hodgkin lymphoma?https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.2224/full显示答案
调节性治疗方案:
移植前的调节性治疗方案基于高剂量烷化剂,例如马法兰,因为它们具有量效反应。[73]Attal M, Harousseau JL, Stoppa AM, et al. A prospective, randomized trial of autologous bone marrow transplantation and chemotherapy in multiple myeloma. Intergroupe Francais du Myelome. N Engl J Med. 1996 Jul 11;335(2):91-7.http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJM199607113350204http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8649495?tool=bestpractice.com 在高剂量美法仑后接受自体干细胞移植是新诊断且符合移植条件患者的标准疗法。[74]Palumbo A, Bringhen S, Bruno B, et al. Melphalan 200 mg/m^2 versus melphalan 100 mg/m^2 in newly diagnosed myeloma patients: a prospective, multicenter phase 3 study. Blood. 2010 Mar 11;115(10):1873-9.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/115/10/1873.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19965659?tool=bestpractice.com 这已经过随机临床试验的验证,在这些临床试验中,患者在大剂量美法仑治疗后接受自体 SCT 和应用以化疗为基础(例如,环磷酰胺、来那度胺、地塞米松 [CRD])或非化疗为基础(例如,来那度胺、硼替佐米、地塞米松 [RVD])的巩固治疗,临床试验对比了两种治疗方案。[75]Gay F, Oliva S, Petrucci MT, et al. Chemotherapy plus lenalidomide versus autologous transplantation, followed by lenalidomide plus prednisone versus lenalidomide maintenance, in patients with multiple myeloma: a randomised, multicentre, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015 Dec;16(16):1617-29.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26596670?tool=bestpractice.com[76]Attal M, Lauwers-Cances V, Hulin C, et al. Lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone with transplantation for myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2017 Apr 6;376(14):1311-20.http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1611750http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28379796?tool=bestpractice.com高剂量美法仑后接受自体 SCT 已显示出无进展生存期和总生存期与美法仑加泼尼松龙加来那度胺 (MPR) 相比有所改善。[77]Palumbo A, Cavallo F, Gay F, et al. Autologous transplantation and maintenance therapy in multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2014 Sep 4;371(10):895-905.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1402888#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25184862?tool=bestpractice.com
大剂量治疗相关不良反应包括贫血、中性粒细胞减少、血小板减少症和感染风险的上升。
干细胞移植:
移植选择包括单次或双次(连续)自体 SCT 或异体 SCT。
单次自体移植实现了 40% 的完全缓解率,但应答的中位持续时间仅为 2 至 3 年。[78]Attal M, Harousseau JL, Facon T, et al. Single versus double autologous stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2003 Dec 25;349(26):2495-502.http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa032290http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14695409?tool=bestpractice.com 若患者未实现完全应答或未实现极佳的部分应答,则可能需要进行第二次移植;双次自体移植可增加部分患者的应答率和应答持续时间。[78]Attal M, Harousseau JL, Facon T, et al. Single versus double autologous stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2003 Dec 25;349(26):2495-502.http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa032290http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14695409?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Cavo M, Tosi P, Zamagni E, et al. Prospective, randomized study of single compared with double autologous stem-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma: Bologna 96 clinical study. J Clin Oncol. 2007 Jun 10;25(17):2434-41.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/25/17/2434.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17485707?tool=bestpractice.com 自体移植死亡的风险<1%。[80]Barlogie B, Anaissie E, van Rhee F, et al. Reiterative survival analyses of total therapy 2 for multiple myeloma elucidate follow-up time dependency of prognostic variables and treatment arms. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Jun 20;28(18):3023-7.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2903335/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20479421?tool=bestpractice.com 在自体移植后复发以及适合强化治疗的患者可能得益于大剂量化疗加补救性自体移植。[81]Cook G, Williams C, Brown JM, et al.; National Cancer Research Institute Haemato-oncology Clinical Studies Group. High-dose chemotherapy plus autologous stem-cell transplantation as consolidation therapy in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma after previous autologous stem-cell transplantation (NCRI Myeloma X Relapse [Intensive trial]): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014 Jul;15(8):874-85.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24948586?tool=bestpractice.com
异体移植在某些患者中实现了长期的无疾病存活,但移植相关的死亡率很高。异体移植策略可导致急性和慢性移植物抗宿主病的并发症。异体移植应仅在专科中心或临床研究的背景下实施(如果有匹配的亲缘供体)。[82]Lokhorst H, Einsele H, Vesole D, et al. International Myeloma Working Group consensus statement regarding the current status of allogeneic stem-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Oct 10;28(29):4521-30.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2010.29.7929http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20697091?tool=bestpractice.com
高龄(年龄 >65-70 岁)、体弱、和/或有特定合并症、残疾、或器官功能异常(例如,心脏、肺部、肝脏、胃肠、肾脏)的患者一般不适合进行移植。[83]Palumbo A, Rajkumar SV, San Miguel JF, et al. International Myeloma Working Group consensus statement for the management, treatment, and supportive care of patients with myeloma not eligible for standard autologous stem-cell transplantation. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Feb 20;32(6):587-600.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3918540/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24419113?tool=bestpractice.com 这组患者可用一系列不同的药物方案进行治疗。[83]Palumbo A, Rajkumar SV, San Miguel JF, et al. International Myeloma Working Group consensus statement for the management, treatment, and supportive care of patients with myeloma not eligible for standard autologous stem-cell transplantation. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Feb 20;32(6):587-600.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3918540/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24419113?tool=bestpractice.com 对于应使用哪种方案作为这些患者的首选诱导治疗并没有统一的共识;因此,治疗决定应考虑到患者的年龄、体力状态以及每种方案的风险。[83]Palumbo A, Rajkumar SV, San Miguel JF, et al. International Myeloma Working Group consensus statement for the management, treatment, and supportive care of patients with myeloma not eligible for standard autologous stem-cell transplantation. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Feb 20;32(6):587-600.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3918540/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24419113?tool=bestpractice.com
对于非移植候选人的推荐方案包括:[7]Moreau P, San Miguel J, Sonneveld P, et al. Multiple myeloma: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2017 Jul 1;28(suppl 4):iv52-61.https://academic.oup.com/annonc/article/28/suppl_4/iv52/3768071http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28453614?tool=bestpractice.com[29]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: multiple myeloma [internet publication].https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
美法仑加泼尼松龙加沙立度胺
硼替佐米加美法仑加泼尼松龙
硼替佐米加美法仑加泼尼松龙加达雷木单抗
硼替佐米加来那度胺加地塞米松
来那度胺加地塞米松
沙立度胺加地塞米松。
这些治疗方案均易于给药,大多数药物为口服给药,且不会诱导深度或长期的血细胞减少,从而无需输血支持。
美法仑加泼尼松龙加沙立度胺 (MPT) 对于非移植候选人常是首选方案;研究显示应答率高达 76%,并转化为无事件生存获益。[84]Palumbo A, Bringhen S, Caravita T, et al. Oral melphalan and prednisone chemotherapy plus thalidomide compared with melphalan and prednisone alone in elderly patients with multiple myeloma: randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2006 Mar 11;367(9513):825-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16530576?tool=bestpractice.com[85]Palumbo A, Bringhen S, Liberati AM, et al. Oral melphalan, prednisone, and thalidomide in elderly patients with multiple myeloma: updated results of a randomized controlled trial. Blood. 2008 Oct 15;112(8):3107-14.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/112/8/3107.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18505783?tool=bestpractice.com[86]Facon T, Mary JY, Hulin C, et al. Melphalan and prednisone plus thalidomide versus melphalan and prednisone alone or reduced-intensity autologous stem cell transplantation in elderly patients with multiple myeloma (IFM 99-06): a randomised trial. Lancet. 2007 Oct 6;370(9594):1209-18.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17920916?tool=bestpractice.com[87]Kapoor P, Rajkumar SV, Dispenzieri A, et al. Melphalan and prednisone versus melphalan, prednisone and thalidomide for elderly and/or transplant ineligible patients with multiple myeloma: a meta-analysis. Leukemia. 2011 Apr;25(4):689-96.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21233832?tool=bestpractice.com[88]Waage A, Gimsing P, Fayers P, et al. Melphalan and prednisone plus thalidomide or placebo in elderly patients with multiple myeloma. Blood. 2010 Sep 2;116(9):1405-12.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/116/9/1405.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20448107?tool=bestpractice.com[89]Wijermans P, Schaafsma M, Termorshuizen F, et al. Phase III study of the value of thalidomide added to melphalan plus prednisone in elderly patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: the HOVON 49 study. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Jul 1;28(19):3160-6.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2009.26.1610http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20516439?tool=bestpractice.com
硼替佐米加美法仑加泼尼松龙 (VMP) 三药疗法与美法仑仅联合泼尼松龙 (MP) 两药疗法(之前被认为是这些患者的标准治疗方案)相比,可改善应答率(高达 71%),并显著延长总生存期。[90]San Miguel JF, Schlag R, Khuageva NK, et al. Persistent overall survival benefit and no increased risk of second malignancies with bortezomib-melphalan-prednisone versus melphalan-prednisone in patients with previously untreated multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Feb 1;31(4):448-55.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2012.41.6180http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23233713?tool=bestpractice.com 与 VMP 单独应用相比,将达雷木单抗(一组分化的38靶向单克隆抗体) 与 VMP 结合提高了无进展生存率。[91]Mateos MV, Dimopoulos MA, Cavo M, et al. Daratumumab plus bortezomib, melphalan, and prednisone for untreated myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2018 Feb 8;378(6):518-28.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29231133?tool=bestpractice.com 在一项随机临床试验中,VMP 之后使用来那度胺联合低剂量地塞米松,可按顺序使用或交替使用,已证明在非移植高龄患者中很有效且耐受性良好。[92]Mateos MV, Martínez-López J, Hernández MT, et al. Sequential vs alternating administration of VMP and Rd in elderly patients with newly diagnosed MM. Blood. 2016 Jan 28;127(4):420-5.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/127/4/420.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26500339?tool=bestpractice.com 硼替佐米有一个额外的优势,即,其可安全地用于重度肾功能不全的患者中。[93]San Miguel JF, Richardson PG, Sonneveld P, et al. Efficacy and safety of bortezomib in patients with renal impairment: results from the APEX phase 3 study. Leukemia. 2008 Apr;22(4):842-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18200040?tool=bestpractice.com[94]San Miguel JF, Schlag R, Khuageva NK, et al. Bortezomib plus melphalan and prednisone for initial treatment of multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2008 Aug 28;359(9):906-17.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0801479#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18753647?tool=bestpractice.com[95]Mateos MV, Richardson PG, Schlag R, et al. Bortezomib plus melphalan and prednisone compared with melphalan and prednisone in previously untreated multiple myeloma: updated follow-up and impact of subsequent therapy in the phase III VISTA trial. J Clin Oncol. 2010 May 1;28(13):2259-66.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2009.26.0638http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20368561?tool=bestpractice.com
地塞米松联合来那度胺或沙立度胺治疗已显示出可实现 60% 至 80% 的缓解率。[55]Rajkumar SV, Jacobus S, Callander NS, et al. Lenalidomide plus high-dose dexamethasone versus lenalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone as initial therapy for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: an open-label randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2010 Jan;11(1):29-37.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3042271/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19853510?tool=bestpractice.com[96]Gay F, Hayman SR, Lacy MQ, et al. Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone versus thalidomide plus dexamethasone in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a comparative analysis of 411 patients. Blood. 2010 Feb 18;115(7):1343-50.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/115/7/1343.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20008302?tool=bestpractice.com[97]Facon T, Dimopoulos MA, Dispenzieri A, et al. Initial phase 3 results of the first (frontline investigation of lenalidomide + dexamethasone versus standard thalidomide) trial (MM-020/IFM 07 01) in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) patients (Pts) ineligible for stem cell transplantation (SCT). ASH annual meeting 2013. Plenary scientific session. Blood. 2013;122(21):2.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/122/21/2[98]Rajkumar SV, Rosiñol L, Hussein M, et al. Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of thalidomide plus dexamethasone compared with dexamethasone as initial therapy for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2008 May 1;26(13):2171-7.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/26/13/2171.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18362366?tool=bestpractice.com[99]Ludwig H, Hajek R, Tothova E, et al. Thalidomide-dexamethasone compared with melphalan-prednisolone in elderly patients with multiple myeloma. Blood. 2009 Apr 9;113(15):3435-42.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/113/15/3435.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18955563?tool=bestpractice.com 在一项随机临床试验中,来那度胺加地塞米松联合治疗(在进展前持续给药)与 MPT 相比,显示出对无进展生存期和总生存期的改善。[100]Benboubker L, Dimopoulos MA, Dispenzieri A, et al; FIRST Trial Team. Lenalidomide and dexamethasone in transplant-ineligible patients with myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2014 Sep 4;371(10):906-17.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1402551#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25184863?tool=bestpractice.com
对比两药疗法和三药疗法的研究也在新诊断的非移植候选人中展开。一项随机临床试验中,并未发现硼替佐米加地塞米松这一两药联合疗法与 VTD (硼替佐米、沙立度胺、地塞米松)和 VMP (硼替佐米、美法仑、泼尼松龙)这两种三药联合疗法之间有显著不同。[101]Niesvizky R, Flinn IW, Rifkin R, et al. Community-based phase IIIB trial of three UPFRONT bortezomib-based myeloma regimens. J Clin Oncol. 2015 Nov 20;33(33):3921-9.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/33/33/3921.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26056177?tool=bestpractice.com 在另一项研究中,MPR (美法仑、泼尼松龙、来那度胺)或 CPR (环磷酰胺、泼尼松龙、来那度胺)疗法相对于来那度胺联合低剂量地塞米松治疗均为显示出优势。[102]Magarotto V, Bringhen S, Offidani M, et al. Triplet vs doublet lenalidomide-containing regimens for the treatment of elderly patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Blood. 2016 Mar 3;127(9):1102-8.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/127/9/1102.long?sso-checked=truehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26729895?tool=bestpractice.com不过,一项研究报道了硼替佐米加来那度胺加地塞米松 (VRD) 三药联合疗法的总生存期和无进展生存期优于来那度胺加地塞米松。[103]Durie BG, Hoering A, Abidi MH, et al. Bortezomib with lenalidomide and dexamethasone versus lenalidomide and dexamethasone alone in patients with newly diagnosed myeloma without intent for immediate autologous stem-cell transplant (SWOG S0777): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2017 Feb 4;389(10068):519-27.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5546834/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28017406?tool=bestpractice.com
四药联合治疗方案并未显示出任何优于三药联合方案的益处。[104]Kumar S, Flinn I, Richardson PG, et al. Randomized, multicenter, phase 2 study (EVOLUTION) of combinations of bortezomib, dexamethasone, cyclophosphamide, and lenalidomide in previously untreated multiple myeloma. Blood. 2012 May 10;119(19):4375-82.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/119/19/4375.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22422823?tool=bestpractice.com[105]Ludwig H, Viterbo L, Greil R, et al. Randomized phase II study of bortezomib, thalidomide, and dexamethasone with or without cyclophosphamide as induction therapy in previously untreated multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Jan 10;31(2):247-55.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2011.39.5137http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23091109?tool=bestpractice.com另外,四药联合方案还可导致更高的不良反应率。
预先疗法的主要毒性并发症根据所使用的治疗方案,可为感染发作(例如,虽罕见,但可出现脓毒症);深静脉血栓形成;以及神经病。对于含有沙立度胺和来那度胺的治疗方案,高度推荐使用低分子肝素或阿司匹林进行预防性抗凝治疗。[69]Palumbo A, Rajkumar SV, Dimopoulos MA, et al. Prevention of thalidomide- and lenalidomide-associated thrombosis in myeloma. Leukemia. 2008 Feb;22(2):414-23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18094721?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Larocca A, Cavallo F, Bringhen S, et al. Aspirin or enoxaparin thromboprophylaxis for patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma treated with lenalidomide. Blood. 2012 Jan 26;119(4):933-9.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/119/4/933.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21835953?tool=bestpractice.com[106]Palumbo A, Davies F, Kropff M, et al. Consensus guidelines for the optimal management of adverse events in newly diagnosed, transplant-ineligible patients receiving melphalan and prednisone in combination with thalidomide (MPT) for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Ann Hematol. 2010 Aug;89(8):803-11.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20232066?tool=bestpractice.com
目前正在研究对于 SCT 或非移植治疗做出应答的患者的维持治疗。
研究显示,使用沙立度胺、来那度胺或硼替佐米作为 SCT 后的维持治疗对患者有生存获益。[77]Palumbo A, Cavallo F, Gay F, et al. Autologous transplantation and maintenance therapy in multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2014 Sep 4;371(10):895-905.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1402888#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25184862?tool=bestpractice.com[107]Attal M, Harousseau JL, Leyvraz S, et al. Maintenance therapy with thalidomide improves survival in patients with multiple myeloma. Blood. 2006 Nov 15;108(10):3289-94.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/108/10/3289.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16873668?tool=bestpractice.com[108]McCarthy PL, Owzar K, Hofmeister CC, et al. Lenalidomide after stem-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2012 May 10;366(19):1770-81.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1114083#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22571201?tool=bestpractice.com[109]Sonneveld P, Schmidt-Wolf IG, van der Holt B, et al. Bortezomib induction and maintenance treatment in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: results of the randomized phase III HOVON-65/GMMG-HD4 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2012 Aug 20;30(24):2946-55.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/30/24/2946.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22802322?tool=bestpractice.com 来那度胺维持治疗可延长 SCT 后和不适合移植的患者在诱导治疗后的无进展生存期。[110]Attal M, Lauwers-Cances V, Marit G, et al. Lenalidomide maintenance after stem-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2012 May 10;366(19):1782-91.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1114138#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22571202?tool=bestpractice.com[111]Palumbo A, Hajek R, Delforge M, et al. Continuous lenalidomide treatment for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2012 May 10;366(19):1759-69.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1112704#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22571200?tool=bestpractice.com 在维持治疗中已显示出有疗效的联合方案包括沙立度胺或硼替佐米联合皮质类固醇,以及沙立度胺联合硼替佐米。[58]Lokhorst HM, van der Holt B, Zweegman S, et al. A randomized phase 3 study on the effect of thalidomide combined with adriamycin, dexamethasone, and high-dose melphalan, followed by thalidomide maintenance in patients with multiple myeloma. Blood. 2010 Feb 11;115(6):1113-20.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/115/6/1113.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19880501?tool=bestpractice.com[112]Palumbo A, Bringhen S, Rossi D, et al. Bortezomib-melphalan-prednisone-thalidomide followed by maintenance with bortezomib-thalidomide compared with bortezomib-melphalan-prednisone for initial treatment of multiple myeloma: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Dec 1;28(34):5101-9.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2010.29.8216http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20940200?tool=bestpractice.com[113]Spencer A, Prince HM, Roberts AW, et al. Consolidation therapy with low-dose thalidomide and prednisolone prolongs the survival of multiple myeloma patients undergoing a single autologous stem-cell transplantation procedure. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Apr 10;27(11):1788-93.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2008.18.8573http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19273705?tool=bestpractice.com[114]Mateos MV, Oriol A, Martínez-López J, et al. Bortezomib, melphalan, and prednisone versus bortezomib, thalidomide, and prednisone as induction therapy followed by maintenance treatment with bortezomib and thalidomide versus bortezomib and prednisone in elderly patients with untreated multiple myeloma: a randomised trial. Lancet Oncol. 2010 Oct;11(10):934-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20739218?tool=bestpractice.com[115]Ludwig H, Durie BG, McCarthy P, et al. IMWG consensus on maintenance therapy in multiple myeloma. Blood. 2012 Mar 29;119(13):3003-15.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/119/13/3003.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22271445?tool=bestpractice.com[116]Mateos MV, Oriol A, Martínez-López J, et al. Maintenance therapy with bortezomib plus thalidomide or bortezomib plus prednisone in elderly multiple myeloma patients included in the GEM2005MAS65 trial. Blood. 2012 Sep 27;120(13):2581-8.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/120/13/2581.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22889759?tool=bestpractice.com[117]Kalff A, Kennedy N, Smiley A, et al. Thalidomide and prednisolone versus prednisolone alone as consolidation therapy after autologous stem-cell transplantation in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: final analysis of the ALLG MM6 multicentre, open-label, randomised phase 3 study. Lancet Haematol. 2014 Dec;1(3):e112-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27029229?tool=bestpractice.com
几乎所有最初对治疗有应答的患者最终都将复发。这些患者可能受益于地塞米松联合沙立度胺、来那度胺、硼替佐米或卡非佐米。[118]Tosi P, Zamagni E, Cellini C, et al. Thalidomide alone or in combination with dexamethasone in patients with advanced, relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma and renal failure. Eur J Haematol. 2004 Aug;73(2):98-103.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15245508?tool=bestpractice.com[119]Richardson PG, Sonneveld P, Schuster MW, et al. Bortezomib or high-dose dexamethasone for relapsed multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2005 Jun 16;352(24):2487-98.http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa043445http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15958804?tool=bestpractice.com[120]Richardson PG, Blood E, Mitsiades CS, et al. A randomized phase 2 study of lenalidomide therapy for patients with relapsed or relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. Blood. 2006 Nov 15;108(10):3458-64.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1895441/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16840727?tool=bestpractice.com[121]Dimopoulos MA, Chen C, Spencer A, et al. Long-term follow-up on overall survival from the MM-009 and MM-010 phase III trials of lenalidomide plus dexamethasone in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Leukemia. 2009 Nov;23(11):2147-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19626046?tool=bestpractice.com[122]Weber DM, Chen C, Niesvizky R, et al. Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone for relapsed multiple myeloma in North America. N Engl J Med. 2007 Nov 22;357(21):2133-42.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa070596#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18032763?tool=bestpractice.com[123]Moreau P, Pylypenko H, Grosicki S, et al. Subcutaneous versus intravenous administration of bortezomib in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma: a randomised, phase 3, non-inferiority study. Lancet Oncol. 2011 May;12(5):431-40.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21507715?tool=bestpractice.com[124]Dimopoulos MA, Moreau P, Palumbo A, et al.; ENDEAVOR Investigators. Carfilzomib and dexamethasone versus bortezomib and dexamethasone for patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (ENDEAVOR): a randomised, phase 3, open-label, multicentre study. Lancet Oncol. 2016 Jan;17(1):27-38.https://iris.unito.it/retrieve/handle/2318/1557523/127252/Dimopoulos%20Carf-Dex%20vs%20Bort-dex%20Lancet%20Oncol%202016.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26671818?tool=bestpractice.com在复发性或难治性 MM 患者中,已证明多柔比星联合硼替佐米疗法与单独使用硼替佐米相比,可改善无进展生存期和总生存期。[125]Sonneveld P, Hajek R, Nagler A, et al. Combined pegylated liposomal doxorubicin and bortezomib is highly effective in patients with recurrent or refractory multiple myeloma who received prior thalidomide/lenalidomide therapy. Cancer. 2008 Apr 1;112(7):1529-37.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.23326/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18300257?tool=bestpractice.com[126]Orlowski RZ, Nagler A, Sonneveld P, et al. Randomized phase III study of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin plus bortezomib compared with bortezomib alone in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: combination therapy improves time to progression. J Clin Oncol. 2007 Sep 1;25(25):3892-901.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/25/25/3892.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17679727?tool=bestpractice.com
有复发性或难治性疾病的患者可能受益于三药联合疗法,例如 VTD (硼替佐米、沙立度胺、地塞米松)或 KRD(卡非佐米、来那度胺、地塞米松),与两药联合疗法(例如,沙立度胺联合地塞米松、来那度胺联合地塞米松)相比,二者都显示出更高的缓解率和生存率。[127]Garderet L, Iacobelli S, Moreau P, et al. Superiority of the triple combination of bortezomib-thalidomide-dexamethasone over the dual combination of thalidomide-dexamethasone in patients with multiple myeloma progressing or relapsing after autologous transplantation: the MMVAR/IFM 2005-04 Randomized Phase III Trial from the Chronic Leukemia Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. J Clin Oncol. 2012 Jul 10;30(20):2475-82.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2011.37.4918http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22585692?tool=bestpractice.com[128]Stewart AK, Rajkumar SV, Dimopoulos MA, et al; ASPIRE Investigators. Carfilzomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone for relapsed multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2015 Jan 8;372(2):142-52.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1411321#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25482145?tool=bestpractice.com[129]Siegel DS, Dimopoulos MA, Ludwig H, et al. Improvement in overall survival with carfilzomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone in patientswith relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2018 Mar 10;36(8):728-34.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2017.76.5032http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29341834?tool=bestpractice.com不过,三药疗法可能会导致更大的毒性作用,尤其是 VTD。[127]Garderet L, Iacobelli S, Moreau P, et al. Superiority of the triple combination of bortezomib-thalidomide-dexamethasone over the dual combination of thalidomide-dexamethasone in patients with multiple myeloma progressing or relapsing after autologous transplantation: the MMVAR/IFM 2005-04 Randomized Phase III Trial from the Chronic Leukemia Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. J Clin Oncol. 2012 Jul 10;30(20):2475-82.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2011.37.4918http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22585692?tool=bestpractice.com
在前两种治疗后出现复发性或难治性疾病的患者可使用泊马度胺 (pomalidomide) 联合低剂量地塞米松 (PomDex),该方案被认为是这种情况下的标准治疗。[130]Hanaizi Z, Flores B, Hemmings R, et al. The European Medicines Agency review of pomalidomide in combination with low-dose dexamethasone for the treatment of adult patients with multiple myeloma: summary of the scientific assessment of the committee for medicinal products for human use. Oncologist. 2015 Mar;20(3):329-34.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4350811/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25673103?tool=bestpractice.com[131]Lacy MQ, Hayman SR, Gertz MA, et al. Pomalidomide (CC4047) plus low-dose dexamethasone as therapy for relapsed multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Oct 20;27(30):5008-14.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2009.23.6802http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19720894?tool=bestpractice.com[132]San Miguel J, Weisel K, Moreau P, et al. Pomalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone versus high-dose dexamethasone alone for patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (MM-003): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013 Oct;14(11):1055-66.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24007748?tool=bestpractice.com[133]Herndon TM, Deisseroth A, Kaminskas E, et al. U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval: carfilzomib for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Clin Cancer Res. 2013 Sep 1;19(17):4559-63.http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/19/17/4559.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23775332?tool=bestpractice.com[134]Siegel DS, Martin T, Wang M, et al. A phase 2 study of single-agent carfilzomib (PX-171-003-A1) in patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. Blood. 2012 Oct 4;120(14):2817-25.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/120/14/2817.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22833546?tool=bestpractice.com[135]Vij R, Wang M, Kaufman JL, et al. An open-label, single-arm, phase 2 (PX-171-004) study of single-agent carfilzomib in bortezomib-naive patients with relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma. Blood. 2012 Jun 14;119(24):5661-70.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/119/24/5661.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22555973?tool=bestpractice.com 一项研究表示,将环磷酰胺加入 PomDex方案 (PomCyDex) 与单独应用 PomDex 相比,可改善应答率和无进展生存期。[136]Baz RC, Martin TG 3rd, Lin HY, et al. Randomized multicenter phase 2 study of pomalidomide, cyclophosphamide, and dexamethasone in relapsed refractory myeloma. Blood. 2016 May 26;127(21):2561-8.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/127/21/2561.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26932802?tool=bestpractice.com 在某些国家(例如美国),若在接受两种治疗后出现复发或难治性疾病的患者既往未曾使用过卡非佐米,则可考虑使用其对这些患者进行治疗。[134]Siegel DS, Martin T, Wang M, et al. A phase 2 study of single-agent carfilzomib (PX-171-003-A1) in patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. Blood. 2012 Oct 4;120(14):2817-25.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/120/14/2817.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22833546?tool=bestpractice.com
以下的新型药物也被批准用于复发或难治性患者:
埃罗妥珠单抗(elotuzumab,SLAMF7 靶向单克隆抗体)联合来那度胺加地塞米松可用于那些先前已接受至少一种治疗的患者。[137]Lonial S, Dimopoulos M, Palumbo A, et al.; ELOQUENT-2 Investigators. Elotuzumab therapy for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2015 Aug 13;373(7):621-31.http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1505654http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26035255?tool=bestpractice.com[138]Richardson PG, Jagannath S, Moreau P, et al.; 1703 study investigators. Elotuzumab in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma: final phase 2 results from the randomised, open-label, phase 1b-2 dose-escalation study. Lancet Haematol. 2015 Dec;2(12):e516-27.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26686406?tool=bestpractice.com
伊沙佐米(一种口服蛋白酶抑制剂)联合来那度胺加地塞米松可用于那些先前已接受至少一种治疗的患者。[139]Moreau P, Masszi T, Grzasko N, et al.; TOURMALINE-MM1 Study Group. Oral ixazomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone for multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2016 Apr 28;374(17):1621-34.http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1516282http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27119237?tool=bestpractice.com
帕比司他(一种组蛋白去乙酰化酶 [HDAC] 抑制剂)联合硼替佐米加地塞米松用于先前至少接受了两种治疗的患者。[140]San Miguel JF, Hungria VT, Yoon SS, et al. Panobinostat plus bortezomib and dexamethasone versus placebo plus bortezomib and dexamethasone in patients with relapsed or relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014 Oct;15(11):1195-206.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25242045?tool=bestpractice.com[141]Richardson PG, Hungria VT, Yoon SS, et al. Panobinostat plus bortezomib and dexamethasone in previously treated multiple myeloma: outcomes by prior treatment. Blood. 2016 Feb 11;127(6):713-21.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4760132/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26631116?tool=bestpractice.com
达雷木单抗作为单药治疗用于已先期接受至少三种治疗的患者。[142]Lonial S, Weiss BM, Usmani SZ, et al. Daratumumab monotherapy in patients with treatment-refractory multiple myeloma (SIRIUS): an open-label, randomised, phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2016 Apr 9;387(10027):1551-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26778538?tool=bestpractice.com[143]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Daratumumab monotherapy for treating relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. Mar 2018 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta510达雷木单抗还被批准与泊马度胺和地塞米松联合用于那些已接受至少两种治疗的患者,[144]Chari A, Suvannasankha A, Fay JW, et al. Daratumumab plus pomalidomide and dexamethasone in relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma. Blood. 2017 Aug 24;130(8):974-81.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5570682/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28637662?tool=bestpractice.com 与来那度胺或硼替佐米加地塞米松用于那些已接受至少一种治疗的患者。[145]Palumbo A, Chanan-Khan A, Weisel K, et al. Daratumumab, bortezomib, and dexamethasone for multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2016 Aug 25;375(8):754-66.http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1606038http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27557302?tool=bestpractice.com[146]Dimopoulos MA, Oriol A, Nahi H, et al. Daratumumab, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone for multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2016 Oct 6;375(14):1319-31.http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1607751http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27705267?tool=bestpractice.com[147]van Beurden-Tan CHY, Franken MG, Blommestein HM, et al. Systematic literature review and network meta-analysis of treatment outcomes in relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2017 Apr 20;35(12):1312-9.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2016.71.1663http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28240968?tool=bestpractice.com
在自体移植后复发以及适合强化治疗的患者可能得益于大剂量化疗加补救性自体移植。[81]Cook G, Williams C, Brown JM, et al.; National Cancer Research Institute Haemato-oncology Clinical Studies Group. High-dose chemotherapy plus autologous stem-cell transplantation as consolidation therapy in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma after previous autologous stem-cell transplantation (NCRI Myeloma X Relapse [Intensive trial]): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014 Jul;15(8):874-85.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24948586?tool=bestpractice.com
支持疗法可改善并预防 MM 并发症。补液对所有 MM 患者都很重要,并且可预防肾衰竭。必须将缓解疼痛的系统性方法加入到所有患者的管理计划中。对于骨痛和溶骨性疾病,可通过输注双膦酸盐进行治疗。[148]Snowden JA, Ahmedzai SH, Ashcroft J, et al. Guidelines for supportive care in multiple myeloma 2011. Br J Haematol. 2011 Jul;154(1):76-103.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.08574.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21517805?tool=bestpractice.com[149]Terpos E, Morgan G, Dimopoulos MA, et al. International Myeloma Working Group recommendations for the treatment of multiple myeloma-related bone disease. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Jun 20;31(18):2347-57.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/31/18/2347.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23690408?tool=bestpractice.com[150]Raje N, Vescio R, Montgomery CW, et al. Bone marker-directed dosing of zoledronic acid for the prevention of skeletal complications in patients with multiple myeloma: results of the Z-MARK study. Clin Cancer Res. 2016 Mar 15;22(6):1378-84.http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/22/6/1378.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26644410?tool=bestpractice.com[151]Berenson JR, Lichtenstein A, Porter L, et al. Efficacy of pamidronate in reducing skeletal events in patients with advanced multiple myeloma. Myeloma Aredia Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1996 Feb 22;334(8):488-93.http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJM199602223340802http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8559201?tool=bestpractice.com[152]Gimsing P, Carlson K, Turesson I, et al. Effect of pamidronate 30 mg versus 90 mg on physical function in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (Nordic Myeloma Study Group): a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2010 Oct;11(10):973-82.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20863761?tool=bestpractice.com[153]Morgan GJ, Child JA, Gregory WM, et al. Effects of zoledronic acid versus clodronic acid on skeletal morbidity in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MRC Myeloma IX): secondary outcomes from a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2011 Aug;12(8):743-52.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3148431/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21771568?tool=bestpractice.com[154]Morgan GJ, Davies FE, Gregory WM, et al. First-line treatment with zoledronic acid as compared with clodronic acid in multiple myeloma (MRC Myeloma IX): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010 Dec 11;376(9757):1989-99.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3639680/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21131037?tool=bestpractice.com[155]Anderson K, Ismaila N, Flynn PJ, et al. Role of bone-modifying agents in multiple myeloma: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2018 Mar 10;36(8):812-8.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2017.76.6402http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29341831?tool=bestpractice.com [ ]How do bisphosphonates compare with placebo/no treatment and each other in people with multiple myeloma?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.2026/full显示答案地诺单抗(denosumab,一种单克隆抗体,以核因子 κB 配体受体激活物 [RANKL] 为靶向)可代替双磷酸盐用于某些患者,例如存在肾损伤的患者。[155]Anderson K, Ismaila N, Flynn PJ, et al. Role of bone-modifying agents in multiple myeloma: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2018 Mar 10;36(8):812-8.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2017.76.6402http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29341831?tool=bestpractice.com[156]Raje N, Terpos E, Willenbacher W, et al. Denosumab versus zoledronic acid in bone disease treatment of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: an international, double-blind, double-dummy, randomised, controlled, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2018 Mar;19(3):370-81.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29429912?tool=bestpractice.com 2018 年 6 月,英国药物和医疗产品监管署在对晚期恶性肿瘤累及骨骼的患者使用地诺单抗 (denosumab) 的四项3期研究进行汇总分析后发布了安全警告。[157]Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Denosumab (Xgeva) for advanced malignancies involving bone: study data show new primary malignancies reported more frequently compared to zoledronate. Jun 2018 [internet publication].https://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/denosumab-xgeva-for-advanced-malignancies-involving-bone-study-data-show-new-primary-malignancies-reported-more-frequently-compared-to-zoledronate 据报道,接受地诺单抗治疗的患者新患原发恶性肿瘤的频率高于接受唑来膦酸治疗的患者(使用地诺单抗,新患原发恶性肿瘤的累积发病率在第 1 年为 1.1%,使用唑来膦酸则为 0.6%)。还未发现与治疗相关的某种癌症或某组癌症的特定发病模式。
使用此内容应接受我们的免责声明。
BMJ临床实践的持续改进离不开您的帮助和反馈。如果您发现任何功能问题和内容错误,或您对BMJ临床实践有任何疑问或建议,请您扫描右侧二维码并根据页面指导填写您的反馈和联系信息*。一旦您的建议在我们核实后被采纳,您将会收到一份小礼品。
如果您有紧急问题需要我们帮助,请您联系我们。
邮箱:bmjchina.support@bmj.com
电话:+86 10 64100686-612
*您的联系信息仅会用于我们与您确认反馈信息和礼品事宜。
BMJ临床实践官方反馈平台