多发性硬化症

Lublin FD, Reingold SC, Cohen JA, et al. Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: the 2013 revisions. Neurology. 2014;83:278-286.

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Polman CH, Reingold SC, Banwell B, et al. Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 revisions to the McDonald criteria. Ann Neurol. 2011;69:292-302.

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Kantarci O, Wingerchuk D. Epidemiology and natural history of multiple sclerosis: new insights. Curr Opin Neurol. 2006;19:248-254.

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Rovira À, Wattjes MP, Tintoré M, et al; MAGNIMS study group. Evidence-based guidelines: MAGNIMS consensus guidelines on the use of MRI in multiple sclerosis-clinical implementation in the diagnostic process. Nat Rev Neurol. 2015;11:471-482.

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Tramacere I, Del Giovane C, Salanti G, et al. Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(9):CD011381.

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Scolding N, Barnes D, Cader S, et al. Association of British Neurologists: revised (2015) guidelines for prescribing disease-modifying treatments in multiple sclerosis. Pract Neurol. 2015;15:273-279.

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1.  Polman CH, Reingold SC, Edan G, et al. Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2005 revisions to the "McDonald Criteria". Ann Neurol. 2005;58:840-846.

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2.  Lublin FD, Reingold SC. Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: results of an international survey. National Multiple Sclerosis Society (USA) Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials of New Agents in Multiple Sclerosis. Neurology. 1996;46:907-911.

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3.  Lublin FD, Reingold SC, Cohen JA, et al. Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: the 2013 revisions. Neurology. 2014;83:278-286.

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4.  Polman CH, Reingold SC, Banwell B, et al. Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 revisions to the McDonald criteria. Ann Neurol. 2011;69:292-302.

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5.  Wingerchuk DM, Banwell B, Bennett JL, et al. International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Neurology. 2015;85:177-189.

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6.  Matiello M, Jacob A, Wingerchuk DM, et al. Neuromyelitis optica. Curr Opin Neurol. 2007;20:255-260.

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7.  Papeix C, Vidal JS, de Seze J, et al. Immunosuppressive therapy is more effective than interferon in neuromyelitis optica. Mult Scler. 2007;13:256-259.

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8.  Wingerchuk DM, Lucchinetti CF. Comparative immunopathogenesis of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, neuromyelitis optica, and multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Neurol. 2007;20:343-350.

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9.  Orton SM, Herrera BM, Yee IM, et al. Canadian Collaborative Study Group. Sex ratio of multiple sclerosis in Canada: a longitudinal study. Lancet Neurol. 2006;5:932-936.

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10.  Ford HL, Gerry E, Johnson M, et al. A prospective study of the incidence, prevalence and mortality of multiple sclerosis in Leeds. J Neurol. 2002;249:260-265.

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11.  Kantarci O, Wingerchuk D. Epidemiology and natural history of multiple sclerosis: new insights. Curr Opin Neurol. 2006;19:248-254.

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12.  Giovannoni G, Ebers G. Multiple sclerosis: the environment and causation. Curr Opin Neurol. 2007;20:261-268.

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13.  Marrie RA, Cutter G, Tyry T, et al. Does multiple sclerosis-associated disability differ between races? Neurology. 2006;66:1235-1240.

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14.  Calabrese M, Filippi M, Gallo P. Cortical lesions in multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol. 2010;6:438-444.

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15.  Yeo TW, De Jager PL, Gregory SG, et al. A second major histocompatibility complex susceptibility locus for multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2007;61:228-236.

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16.  Compston A, Coles A. Multiple sclerosis. Lancet. 2002;359:1221-1231.

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17.  Ascherio A, Munger KL, Simon KC. Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9:599-612.

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18.  Levin LI, Munger KL, O'Reilly EJ, et al. Primary infection with the Epstein-Barr virus and risk of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2010;67:824-830.

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19.  Banwell B, Bar-Or A, Arnold DL, et al. Clinical, environmental, and genetic determinants of multiple sclerosis in children with acute demyelination: a prospective national cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10:436-445.

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20.  Hauser SL, Oksenberg JR. The neurobiology of multiple sclerosis: genes, inflammation, and neurodegeneration. Neuron. 2006;52:61-76.

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21.  Ascherio A, Munger KL. Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Part II: Noninfectious factors. Ann Neurol. 2007;61:504-513.

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22.  Hawkes CH. Smoking is a risk factor for multiple sclerosis: a metanalysis. Mult Scler. 2007;13:610-615.

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23.  Munger KL, Levin LI, Hollis BW, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of multiple sclerosis. JAMA. 2006;296:2832-2838.

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24.  Ramagopalan SV, Dyment DA, Valdar W, et al. Canadian Collaborative Study Group. Autoimmune disease in families with multiple sclerosis: a population-based study. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6:604-610.

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25.  Holick MF. Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:1678S-1688S.

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26.  Rovira À, Wattjes MP, Tintoré M, et al; MAGNIMS study group. Evidence-based guidelines: MAGNIMS consensus guidelines on the use of MRI in multiple sclerosis-clinical implementation in the diagnostic process. Nat Rev Neurol. 2015;11:471-482.

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27.  Kurtzke JF. Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Neurology. 1983;33:1444-1452.

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28.  Kuspinar A, Rodriguez AM, Mayo NE. The effects of clinical interventions on health-related quality of life in multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis. Mult Scler. 2012;18:1686-1704.

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29.  Rosti-Otajärvi EM, Hämäläinen PI. Neuropsychological rehabilitation for multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(2):CD009131.

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30.  Myhr KM, Mellgren SI. Corticosteroids in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 2009;(189):73-80.

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31.  Burton JM, O'Connor PW, Hohol M, et al. Oral versus intravenous steroids for treatment of relapses in multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(12):CD006921.

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32.  Le Page E, Veillard D, Laplaud DA, et al; COPOUSEP investigators; West Network for Excellence in Neuroscience. Oral versus intravenous high-dose methylprednisolone for treatment of relapses in patients with multiple sclerosis (COPOUSEP): a randomised, controlled, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2015;386:974-981.

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33.  Weinshenker BG, Keegan BM. Therapeutic plasma exchange for multiple sclerosis. In: Cohen JA, Rudick RA, eds. Multiple sclerosis therapeutics. 3rd ed. London, UK: Informa Pub; 2007:551-566.

34.  Abboud H, Petrak A, Mealy M, et al. Treatment of acute relapses in neuromyelitis optica: steroids alone versus steroids plus plasma exchange. Mult Scler. 2015;22:185-192.

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35.  Comi G. Shifting the paradigm toward earlier treatment of multiple sclerosis with interferon beta. Clin Ther. 2009;31:1142-1157.

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36.  Tramacere I, Del Giovane C, Salanti G, et al. Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(9):CD011381.

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37.  Scolding N, Barnes D, Cader S, et al. Association of British Neurologists: revised (2015) guidelines for prescribing disease-modifying treatments in multiple sclerosis. Pract Neurol. 2015;15:273-279.

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38.  National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Daclizumab for treating relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis. April 2017. https://www.nice.org.uk (last accessed 12 July 2017).

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39.  Hauser SL, Bar-Or A, Comi G, et al. Ocrelizumab versus interferon beta-1a in relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:221-234.

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40.  Montalban X, Hauser SL, Kappos L, et al. Ocrelizumab versus placebo in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2017;37:209-220.

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41.  Ziemssen T, Schrempf W. Glatiramer acetate: mechanisms of action in multiple sclerosis. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2007;79:537-570.

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42.  Qizilbash N, Mendez I, Sanchez-de la Rosa R. Benefit-risk analysis of glatiramer acetate for relapsing-remitting and clinically isolated syndrome multiple sclerosis. Clin Ther. 2012;34:159-176.

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43.  IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Interferon beta 1b is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. I. Clinical results of a multicenter, randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Neurology. 1993;43:655-661.

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44.  Jacobs LD, Cookfair DL, Rudick RA, et al. The effect of intramuscular interferon beta-1a for disease progression in relapsing multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 1996;39:285-294.

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45.  The PRISMS Study Group. Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study of interferon beta-1a in relapsing/remitting multiple sclerosis. Lancet. 1998;352:1498-1504.

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46.  Johnson KP, Brooks BR, Cohen JA, et al. Copolymer 1 reduces relapse rate and improves disability in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: results of a phase II multicenter, double blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology. 1995;45:1268.

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47.  Clerico M, Faggiano F, Palace J, et al. Recombinant interferon beta or glatiramer acetate for delaying conversion of the first demyelinating event to multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(2):CD005278.

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48.  Mikol DD, Barkhof F, Chang P, et al. Comparison of subcutaneous interferon beta-1a with glatiramer acetate in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (the REbif vs Glatiramer Acetate in Relapsing MS Disease [REGARD] study): a multicentre, randomised, parallel, open-label trial. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7:903-914.

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49.  Moses J, Brandes DW. Managing adverse effects of disease-modifying agents used for treatment of multiple sclerosis. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008;24:2679-2690.

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50.  Goodin DS, Reder AT, Ebers GC, et al. Survival in MS: a randomized cohort study 21 years after the start of the pivotal IFNβ-1b trial. Neurology. 2012;78:1315-1322.

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51.  Balak DM, Hengstman GJ, Çakmak A, et al. Cutaneous adverse events associated with disease-modifying treatment in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. Mult Scler. 2012;18:1705-1717.

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52.  Giovannoni G, Southam E, Waubant E. Systematic review of disease-modifying therapies to assess unmet needs in multiple sclerosis: tolerability and adherence. Mult Scler. 2012;18:932-946.

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53.  Khan O, Rieckmann P, Boyko A, et al; GALA Study Group. Three times weekly glatiramer acetate in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2013;73:705-713.

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54.  Calabresi PA, Kieseier BC, Arnold DL, et al; ADVANCE Study Investigators. Pegylated interferon β-1a for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (ADVANCE): a randomised, phase 3, double-blind study. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13:657-665.

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55.  National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Fingolimod for the treatment of highly active relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. April 2012. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 12 July 2017).

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56.  Gold R, Kappos L, Arnold DL, et al. Placebo-controlled phase 3 study of oral BG-12 for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:1098-1107.

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57.  Fox RJ, Miller DH, Phillips JT, et al. Placebo-controlled phase 3 study of oral BG-12 or glatiramer in multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:1087-1097.

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58.  van Oosten BW, Killestein J, Barkhof F, et al. PML in a patient treated with dimethyl fumarate from a compounding pharmacy. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1658-1659.

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59.  He D, Zhang C, Zhao X, et al. Teriflunomide for multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(3):CD009882.

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60.  Kappos L, Radue EW, O'Connor P, et al; FREEDOMS Study Group. A placebo-controlled trial of oral fingolimod in relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:387-401.

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61.  Radue EW, O'Connor P, Polman CH, et al. Impact of fingolimod therapy on magnetic resonance imaging outcomes in patients with multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol. 2012;69:1259-1269.

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62.  Cohen JA, Barkhof F, Comi G, et al; TRANSFORMS Study Group. Oral fingolimod or intramuscular interferon for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:402-415.

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63.  Miller DH, Khan OA, Sheremata WA, et al. A controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:15-23.

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64.  Kappos L, Bates D, Hartung HP, et al. Natalizumab treatment for multiple sclerosis: recommendations for patient selection and monitoring. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6:431-441.

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65.  Pucci E, Giuliani G, Solari A, et al. Natalizumab for relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(10):CD007621.

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66.  Ghezzi A, Grimaldi LM, Marrosu MG, et al. Natalizumab therapy of multiple sclerosis: recommendations of the Multiple Sclerosis Study Group, Italian Neurological Society. Neurol Sci. 2011;32:351-358.

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67.  Gorelik L, Lerner M, Bixler S, et al. Anti-JC virus antibodies: implications for PML risk stratification. Ann Neurol. 2010;68:295-303.

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68.  Coles AJ, Twyman CL, Arnold DL, et al. Alemtuzumab for patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis after disease-modifying therapy: a randomised controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2012;380:1829-1839.

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69.  Coles AJ, Fox E, Vladic A, et al. Alemtuzumab versus interferon beta-1a in early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: post-hoc and subset analyses of clinical efficacy outcomes. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10:338-348.

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70.  Cohen JA, Coles AJ, Arnold DL, et al. Alemtuzumab versus interferon beta 1a as first-line treatment for patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a randomised controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2012;380:1819-1828.

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71.  European Medicines Agency. EMA restricts use of multiple sclerosis medicine Zinbryta. July 2017. http://www.ema.europa.eu (last accessed 12 July 2017).

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72.  Lu E, Wang BW, Guimond C, et al. Disease-modifying drugs for multiple sclerosis in pregnancy: a systematic review. Neurology. 2012;79:1130-1135.

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73.  Pakpoor J, Disanto G, Lacey MV, et al. Breastfeeding and multiple sclerosis relapses: a meta-analysis. J Neurol. 2012;259:2246-2248.

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74.  Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Multiple sclerosis therapies: signal of rebound effect after stopping or switching therapy. April 2017. https://www.gov.uk (last accessed 12 July 2017).

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75.  La Mantia L, Vacchi L, Di Pietrantonj C, et al. Interferon beta for secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(1):CD005181.

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76.  La Mantia L, Vacchi L, Rovaris M, et al. Interferon beta for secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013;84:420-426.

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77.  Wundes A, Kraft GH, Bowen JD, et al. Mitoxantrone for worsening multiple sclerosis: tolerability, toxicity, adherence and efficacy in the clinical setting. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2010;112:876-882.

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78.  Martinelli Boneschi F Vacchi L Rovaris M, et al. Mitoxantrone for multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(5):CD002127.

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79.  Cohen JA, Confavreux C. Combination therapy in multiple sclerosis. In: Cohen JA, Rudick RA, eds. Multiple sclerosis therapeutics. 3rd ed. London, UK: Informa Pub; 2007:681-698.

80.  Leary SM, Thompson AJ. Treatment for patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis. In: Cohen JA, Rudick RA, eds. Multiple sclerosis therapeutics. 3rd ed. London, UK: Informa Pub; 2007:751-760.

81.  Snook EM, Motl RW. Effect of exercise training on walking mobility in multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2009;23:108-116.

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82.  Motl RW, Gosney JL. Effect of exercise training on quality of life in multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis. Mult Scler. 2008;14:129-135.

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83.  Khan F, Pallant JF, Brand C, et al. Effectiveness of rehabilitation intervention in persons with multiple sclerosis: a randomised controlled trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008;79:1230-1235.

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84.  Andreasen AK, Stenager E, Dalgas U. The effect of exercise therapy on fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2011;17:1041-1054.

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85.  Latimer-Cheung AE, Pilutti LA, Hicks AL, et al. Effects of exercise training on fitness, mobility, fatigue, and health-related quality of life among adults with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review to inform guideline development. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;94:1800-1828.e3.

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86.  Kjølhede T, Vissing K, Dalgas U. Multiple sclerosis and progressive resistance training: a systematic review. Mult Scler. 2012;18:1215-1228.

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87.  Senders A, Wahbeh H, Spain R, et al. Mind-body medicine for multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. Autoimmune Dis. 2012;2012:567324.

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88.  Brown JN, Howard CA, Kemp DW. Modafinil for the treatment of multiple sclerosis-related fatigue. Ann Pharmacother. 2010;44:1098-1103.

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89.  İyigün G, Aksu Yildirim S, Snowdon N. Is physiotherapy effective in improving balance and gait in patients with multiple sclerosis?: A systematic review. Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci. 2010;30:482-493.

90.  Panitch H, Applebee A. Treatment of walking impairment in multiple sclerosis: an unmet need for a disease-specific disability. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2011;12:1511-1521.

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91.  Paltamaa J, Sjögren T, Peurala SH, et al. Effects of physiotherapy interventions on balance in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Rehabil Med. 2012;44:811-823.

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92.  Egeberg MD, Oh CY, Bainbridge JL. Clinical overview of dalfampridine: an agent with a novel mechanism of action to help with gait disturbances. Clin Ther. 2012;34:2185-2194.

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93.  Goodman AD, Brown TR, Edwards KR, et al; MSF204 Investigators. A phase 3 trial of extended release oral dalfampridine in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2010;68:494-502.

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94.  O'Connor AB, Schwid SR, Herrmann DN, et al. Pain associated with multiple sclerosis: Systematic review and proposed classification. Pain. 2008;137:96-111.

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95.  Garg N, Weinstok-Guttman B. Treatment of pain paresthesias and paroxysmal disorders in multiple sclerosis. In: Cohen JA, Rudick RA, eds. Multiple sclerosis therapeutics. 3rd ed. London, UK: Informa Pub; 2007:845-862.

96.  Kamen L, Henney HR 3rd, Runyan JD. A practical overview of tizanidine use for spasticity secondary to multiple sclerosis, stroke, and spinal cord injury. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008;24:425-439.

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97.  Habek M, Karni A, Balash Y, et al. The place of the botulinum toxin in the management of multiple sclerosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2010;112:592-596.

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98.  Baker JA, Pereira G. The efficacy of botulinum toxin A for spasticity and pain in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis using the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. Clin Rehabil. 2013;27:1084-1096.

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99.  Tubaro A, Puccini F, De Nunzio C, et al. The treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in patients with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. Curr Urol Rep. 2012;13:335-342.

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100.  Ginsberg D, Gousse A, Keppenne V, et al. Phase 3 efficacy and tolerability study of onabotulinumtoxinA for urinary incontinence from neurogenic detrusor overactivity. J Urol. 2012;187:2131-2139.

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101.  Chancellor MB, Patel V, Leng WW, et al. OnabotulinumtoxinA improves quality of life in patients with neurogenic detrusor overactivity. Neurology. 2013;81:841-848.

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102.  Yap L, Kouyialis A, Varma TR. Stereotactic neurosurgery for disabling tremor in multiple sclerosis: thalamotomy or deep brain stimulation? Br J Neurosurg. 2007;21:349-354.

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103.  Mills RJ, Yap L, Young CA. Treatment for ataxia in multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(1):CD005029

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104.  ClinicalTrials.gov. A multi-site, open-label extension trial of oral RPC1063 in relapsing multiple sclerosis. June 2017. https://clinicaltrials.gov (last accessed 12 July 2017).

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105.  Gosselin D, Rivest S. Immune mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis. Neurotherapeutics. 2011;8:643-649.

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106.  Nash RA, Hutton GJ, Racke MK, et al. High-dose immunosuppressive therapy and autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (HALT-MS): a 3-year interim report. JAMA Neurol. 2015;72:159-169.

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107.  Burt RK, Balabanov R, Han X, et al. Association of nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with neurological disability in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. JAMA. 2015;313:275-284.

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108.  Muraro PA, Pasquini M, Atkins HL, et al. Long-term outcomes after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for multiple sclerosis. JAMA Neurol. 2017;74:459-469.

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109.  Cohen JA. Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 2013;333:43-49.

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110.  Lublin FD, Bowen JD, Huddlestone J, et al. Human placenta-derived cells (PDA-001) for the treatment of adults with multiple sclerosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled, multiple-dose study. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2014;3:696-704.

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111.  ClinicalTrials.gov. Intrathecal administration of autologous mesenchymal stem cell-derived neural progenitors (MSC-NP) in patients with multiple sclerosis. October 2016. http://clinicaltrials.gov (last accessed 12 July 2017).

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112.  He D, Guo R, Zhang F, et al. Rituximab for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(12):CD009130.

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113.  Timmermann L, Deuschl G, Fogel W, et al; Deep Brain Stimulation Association. Deep brain stimulation for tremor in multiple sclerosis: consensus recommendations of the German Deep Brain Stimulation Association [in German]. Nervenarzt. 2009;80:673-677.

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114.  Torres CV, Moro E, Lopez-Rios AL, et al. Deep brain stimulation of the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus for tremor in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurosurgery. 2010;67:646-651.

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115.  Zajicek JP, Hobart JC, Slade A, et al. Multiple sclerosis and extract of cannabis: results of the MUSEC trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012;83:1125-1132.

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116.  Koppel BS, Brust JC, Fife T, et al; Guideline Development Subcommittee, American Academy of Neurology. Systematic review: efficacy and safety of medical marijuana in selected neurologic disorders. Neurology. 2014;82:1556-1563.

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117.  Goodin DS, Traboulsee A, Knappertz V, et al. Relationship between early clinical characteristics and long term disability outcomes: 16 year cohort study (follow-up) of the pivotal interferon β-1b trial in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012;83:282-287.

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118.  Vukusic S, Confavreux C. Natural history of multiple sclerosis: risk factors and prognostic indicators. Curr Opin Neurol. 2007;20:269-274.

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119.  Koch MW, Glazenborg A, Uyttenboogaart M, et al. Pharmacologic treatment of depression in multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(2):CD007295.

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120.  Price A, Rayner L, Okon-Rocha E, et al. Antidepressants for the treatment of depression in neurological disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011;82:914-923.

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121.  Chiaravalloti ND, Moore NB, Nikelshpur OM, et al. An RCT to treat learning impairment in multiple sclerosis: The MEMREHAB trial. Neurology. 2013;81:2066-2072.

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122.  das Nair R, Martin KJ, Lincoln NB, et al. Memory rehabilitation for people with multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(3):CD008754.

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123.  McDonnell MN, Smith AE, Mackintosh SF. Aerobic exercise to improve cognitive function in adults with neurological disorders: a systematic review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;92:1044-1052.

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124.  Langdon DW, Amato MP, Boringa J, et al. Recommendations for a Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS). Mult Scler. 2012;18:891-898.

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125.  Xiao Y, Wang J, Luo H. Sildenafil citrate for erectile dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(4):CD009427.

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