除了改变生活方式和饮食习惯,大部分 TIA 患者还应接受他汀类药物治疗。[46]Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014 Jun 24;129(25 Suppl 2):S1-45.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/129/25_suppl_2/S1.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24222016?tool=bestpractice.com 建议糖尿病伴 TIA 患者进行血糖控制(遵循已有的糖尿病患者诊疗指南)。不鼓励大量饮酒。鼓励患者控制体重,将体重指数 (BMI) 维持在 18.5-24.9 kg/m²。[24]Kernan WN, Ovbiagele B, Black HR, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2014 Jul;45(7):2160-236.http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/45/7/2160.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24788967?tool=bestpractice.com 建议进行低至中等强度的有氧活动、肌肉力量训练并减少久坐不动的生活方式。[92]Billinger SA, Arena R, Bernhardt J, et al. Physical activity and exercise recommendations for stroke survivors: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2014 Aug;45(8):2532-53.http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/45/8/2532.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24846875?tool=bestpractice.com
建议在发生缺血性血管事件的患者中使用长期抗血小板治疗(阿司匹林和其他抗血小板药物,例如氯吡格雷),以预防血管疾病。[24]Kernan WN, Ovbiagele B, Black HR, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2014 Jul;45(7):2160-236.http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/45/7/2160.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24788967?tool=bestpractice.com[93]Smith SC Jr, Allen J, Blair SN, et al; AHA/ACC; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. AHA/ACC guidelines for secondary prevention for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2006 update: endorsed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Circulation. 2006 May 16;113(19):2363-72.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/113/19/2363.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16702489?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,一项队列研究发现,每天接受基于阿司匹林的抗血小板治疗、同时未使用常规质子泵抑制剂 (proton-pump inhibitor, PPI) 的初发 TIA、缺血性卒中或心肌梗死老年人,与年轻患者相比,发生严重出血的风险更高且更持续面临此风险。在这项研究中,75 岁或 75 岁以上患者严重出血事件有一半发生在上消化道。需要常规使用 PPI 治疗以预防严重上消化道出血的患者人数估值较低,作者们认为应该鼓励联合用药。[94]Li L, Geraghty OC, Mehta Z, et al. Age-specific risks, severity, time course, and outcome of bleeding on long-term antiplatelet treatment after vascular events: a population-based cohort study. Lancet. 2017 Jul 29;390(10093):490-9.http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)30770-5/abstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28622955?tool=bestpractice.com