根据病程的不同,尾骨痛的治疗原则也是分阶段的。急性尾骨痛(症状<2个月)的治疗原则与慢性尾骨痛(症状≥2个月)不同。尾骨切除术仅用于难治性病例。治疗的目标是消除或显著减少尾骨痛,使患者恢复生病前的生活状态。发现肿瘤或其他少见病因时应立即找相应的专家就诊。
急性尾骨痛
所有急性尾骨痛患者(症状<2个月)需休息和使用非甾体类抗炎药8周。[26]Fogel GR, Cunningham PY, Esses, SL. Coccygodynia: evaluation and management. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2004;12:49-54.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14753797?tool=bestpractice.com对于有排便疼痛病史的患者建议使用大便软化剂8周。
使用U型坐垫调整坐姿可以减轻尾骨的压力。其他的疗法包括坐浴、热敷、针灸和推拿。[27]Mlitz H, Jost W. Coccygodynia. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2007;5:252-254.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17338803?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Polkinghorn BS, Colloca CJ. Chiropractic treatment of coccygodynia via instrumental adjusting procedures using activator methods chiropractic technique. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1999;22:411-416.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10478774?tool=bestpractice.com
这段时间内治疗无效的患者与急性治疗失败的慢性患者治疗方法相同。
慢性尾骨痛:保守治疗
没有公认的保守治疗指南。对于特定的治疗方式仍然缺乏高级的证据支持,[29]Howard PD, Dolan AN, Falco AN, et al. A comparison of conservative interventions and their effectiveness for coccydynia: a systematic review. J Man Manip Ther. 2013;21:213-219.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24421634?tool=bestpractice.com此外,保守治疗可作为治疗选择。然而,各种非手术治疗方法的使用可根据医生的经验和专业知识。
新发的慢性尾骨痛患者(症状≥2个月)在接受有创的治疗之前,应该先接受与急性尾骨痛相同的治疗方法。
急性处理失败的患者应该在进行下一步治疗之前行动态骶尾部X线检查和MRI来除外肿瘤或其他病因。
首选治疗是按需每月注射皮质类固醇加局部麻醉药。它们可以单独使用或在全麻下与有创操作组合(即,经直肠屈伸),后者被认为更好。[30]Wray CC, Easom S, Hoskinson J. Coccydynia. Aetiology and treatment. J Bone Joint Surg (Br). 1991;73-B:335-338.http://bjj.boneandjoint.org.uk/content/jbjsbr/73-B/2/335.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2005168?tool=bestpractice.com皮质类固醇加局部麻醉应被注入尾骨两侧的软组织和尾骨尖部(使用甲基强的松龙)或骶尾关节背侧骨膜(使用曲安奈德)。[31]Mitra R, Cheung L, Perry P. Efficacy of fluoroscopically guided steroid injections in the management of coccydynia. Pain Physician. 2007;10:775-778.http://www.painphysicianjournal.com/current/pdf?article=OTE5&journal=38http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17987101?tool=bestpractice.com然而,如果局部注射和/或操作失败,建议行经皮骶髂关节注射,可在透视下或直肠指诊定位骶髂关节。[31]Mitra R, Cheung L, Perry P. Efficacy of fluoroscopically guided steroid injections in the management of coccydynia. Pain Physician. 2007;10:775-778.http://www.painphysicianjournal.com/current/pdf?article=OTE5&journal=38http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17987101?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Kersey PJ. Non-operative management of coccygodynia. Lancet. 1980;1:318.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6101777?tool=bestpractice.com
如果连续2个月注射皮质类固醇无效,使用物理治疗结合皮质类固醇注射是一种有效的二线治疗选择。物理治疗方法包括经直肠盆底按摩和尾骨运动。[30]Wray CC, Easom S, Hoskinson J. Coccydynia. Aetiology and treatment. J Bone Joint Surg (Br). 1991;73-B:335-338.http://bjj.boneandjoint.org.uk/content/jbjsbr/73-B/2/335.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2005168?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Thiele GH. Coccygodynia: cause and treatment. Dis Colon Rectum. 1963;6:422-436.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14082980?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Maigne JY, Chatellier G. Comparison of three manual coccydynia treatments: a pilot study. Spine. 2001;26:E479-E483.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11598528?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Maigne J, Chatellier G, Faou ML, et al. The treatment of chronic coccydynia with intrarectal manipulation: a randomized controlled study. Spine. 2006;31:E621-E627.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16915077?tool=bestpractice.com控制症状:有较弱的证据表明直肠内的操作比外部的物理治疗对于慢性尾骨痛更为有效。[35]Maigne J, Chatellier G, Faou ML, et al. The treatment of chronic coccydynia with intrarectal manipulation: a randomized controlled study. Spine. 2006;31:E621-E627.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16915077?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
慢性尾骨痛:手术治疗
慢性尾骨痛患者,保守治疗3到6个月失败,可由脊柱外科医生行尾骨切除术。外科文献报道尾骨切除术后的成功率在60%至91%。[26]Fogel GR, Cunningham PY, Esses, SL. Coccygodynia: evaluation and management. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2004;12:49-54.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14753797?tool=bestpractice.com
尾骨切除术对于创伤和产后尾骨痛的成功率要高于特发性尾骨痛(75%成功率对58%成功率)。[8]Bayne O, Bateman JE, Cameron HU. The influence of etiology on the results of coccygectomy. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1984;190:266-272.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6488643?tool=bestpractice.com尾骨切除术对于动态X线下影像学不稳定的患者优良率为92%。[14]Maigne JY, Lagauche D, Doursounian L. Instability of the coccyx in coccydynia. J Bone Joint Surg (Br). 2000;82-B:1038-1041.http://bjj.boneandjoint.org.uk/content/jbjsbr/82-B/7/1038.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11041598?tool=bestpractice.com对于较瘦的患者,残余的尾骨碎片或者凸出的骶骨边缘可能导致预后不良,必须再次行手术治疗,可行尾骨再切除术或用骨钳咬掉骶骨的边缘。
伤口感染是术后最常见的并发症,其发生率为2%到22%。[26]Fogel GR, Cunningham PY, Esses, SL. Coccygodynia: evaluation and management. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2004;12:49-54.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14753797?tool=bestpractice.com同时使用引流和术后应用抗生素可减少感染等术后并发症的发生率。抗生素应持续应用至术后72小时,抗生素应包含抗需氧菌和厌氧菌。直肠疝是尾骨切除术后罕见的并发症[36]Kumar A, Reynolds JR. Mesh repair of a coccygeal hernia via an abdominal approach. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2000;82:113-115.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2503516/pdf/annrcse01624-0047.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10743431?tool=bestpractice.com[37]McClenahan JE, Fisher B. Herniation of the rectum following coccygectomy. Am J Surg. 1951;82:288-289.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14847090?tool=bestpractice.com
骶神经后跟切除术(切除S4和S5神经根)可考虑应用于疼痛仅局限在尾骨区且尾骨切除术失败的患者;然而,骶神经根切断目前在治疗中仍非主要手段。[38]Saris SC, Silver JM, Vieira JF, et al. Sacrococcygeal rhizotomy for perineal pain. Neurosurgery. 1986;19:789-793.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3785627?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Albrektsson B. Sacral rhizotomy in cases of ano-coccygeal pain. A follow-up of 24 cases. Acta Orth Scand. 1981;52:187-190.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7246096?tool=bestpractice.com