患者应将受累肢体架高,并且每 6-12 个小时服用一次布洛芬。还应在受累区域外用芦荟汁。如果患者没有安全的地方保持温暖,应考虑住院治疗。[1]Freer L, Imray C. Frostbite. In: Auerbach PS. Wilderness medicine. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier; 2011:190.[10]Rabold MB. Frostbite and other localized cold-related injuries. In: Tintinalli JE, Kelen GD, Stapczynski JS, et al. Tintinalli's emergency medicine: a comprehensive study guide. 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2004.[20]Pinzur MS, Weaver FM. Is urban frostbite a psychiatric disorder? Orthopedics. 1997 Jan;20(1):43-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9122052?tool=bestpractice.com
应采取适当措施来防止冻伤复发。 患者应适当着装,保持全身温暖。 合适的衣服包括在天气寒冷时穿着贴身袜子、手套和靴子;服装应没有压痛点或过度紧绷点。 应尽量避免暴露在极端天气条件下。 患者应在极端寒冷的条件下避免出汗,并采取措施保持手脚干燥。 连指手套的防护效果优于有指手套。 如果患者必须戴有指手套,应尽可能长时间地握紧拳头。 应修剪脚趾甲和手指甲。 应避免在寒冷气候条件下吸烟和饮酒。[1]Freer L, Imray C. Frostbite. In: Auerbach PS. Wilderness medicine. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier; 2011:190.[4]Anttonen H. Occupational needs and evaluation methods for cold protective clothing. Arctic Med Res. 1993;52(suppl 9):1-76.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8048995?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Anttonen H, Virokannas H. Assessment of cold stress in outdoor work. Arctic Med Res. 1994 Jan;53(1):40-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8049001?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Holmer I. Work in the cold: review of methods for assessment of cold exposure. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 1993;65(3):147-55.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8282412?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Kanzenbach TL, Dexter WW. Cold injuries: protecting your patients from the dangers of hypothermia and frostbite. Postgrad Med. 1999 Jan;105(1):72-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9924494?tool=bestpractice.com