各种基础疾病状况可导致促炎细胞因子释放,且常常伴网状内皮系统激活。[9]Spivak J. Iron and the anemia of chronic disease. Oncology (Williston Park). 2002 Sep;16(9 suppl 10):25-33.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12380952?tool=bestpractice.com 这些细胞因子的触发会引起细胞内铁代谢发生变化(主要是铁调素合成与铁蛋白转录上调)。[1]Roy CN. Anemia of inflammation. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2010;2010:276-80.http://asheducationbook.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/2010/1/276http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21239806?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Roy CN, Andrews NC. Anemia of inflammation: the hepcidin link. Curr Opin Hematol. 2005 Mar;12(2):107-11.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15725899?tool=bestpractice.com 白细胞介素 (IL) 6 和 IL-1 参与形成某些炎症状态,且已证明这二者可直接上调铁调素的合成。[11]Lee P, Peng H, Gelbart T, et al. Regulation of hepcidin transcription by interleukin-1 and interleukin-6. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Feb 8;102(6):1906-10.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC548537/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15684062?tool=bestpractice.com 铁调素和红富铁激素 (erythroferrone) 是铁代谢的主要调节因子。铁调素是由肝脏产生的肽类激素,通过增加二价金属离子转运体 1 的表达和下调膜铁转运蛋白来反向调控游离铁。[12]Torti FM, Torti SV. Regulation of ferritin genes and protein. Blood. 2002 May 15;99(10):3505-16.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/99/10/3505.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11986201?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Ludwiczek S, Aigner E, Theurl I, et al. Cytokine-mediated regulation of iron transport in human monocytic cells. Blood. 2003 May 15;101(10):4148-54.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/101/10/4148.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12522003?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Nemeth E, Rivera S, Gabayan V, et al. IL-6 mediates hypoferremia of inflammation by inducing the synthesis of the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin. J Clin Invest. 2004 May;113(9):1271-6.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC398432/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15124018?tool=bestpractice.com 红富铁激素是一种由红系祖细胞产生的蛋白类激素,对促红细胞生成素做出应答,通过抑制铁调素的产生使铁可用于红细胞生成。[15]Kautz L, Jung G, Nemeth E, et al. Erythroferrone contributes to recovery from anemia of inflammation. Blood. 2014 Oct 16;124(16):2569-74.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4199959/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25193872?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Kautz L, Jung G, Valore EV, et al. Identification of erythroferrone as an erythroid regulator of iron metabolism. Nat Genet. 2014 Jul;46(7):678-84.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4104984/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24880340?tool=bestpractice.com
在 ACD 中,血清铁减少(铁调素升高所致),使红细胞生成迟缓,从而导致贫血。这种铁下降可能对机体有益,因为这使得可用于微生物生长的铁有所减少。但这种低血清铁环境中生成的红细胞为低色素的小红细胞。如果炎症长期存在,则整个红细胞群亦逐渐转变为小细胞低色素性。
导致 ACD 贫血的部分原因是血清促红素作用的降低,这一方面是由于其水平相对于贫血程度而言较低,另一方面是由于红系祖细胞上促红素受体下调。[7]Weiss G, Goodnough LT. Anemia of chronic disease. N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 10;352(10):1011-23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15758012?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Taniguchi S, Dai CH, Price JO, et al. Interferon gamma downregulates stem cell factor and erythropoietin receptors but not insulin-like growth factor-I receptors in human erythroid colony-forming cells. Blood. 1997 Sep 15;90(6):2244-52.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/90/6/2244.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9310475?tool=bestpractice.com
当微生物累及骨髓(例如 HIV、丙型肝炎和疟疾)或浸润骨髓的肿瘤细胞产生促炎细胞因子及对红系祖细胞有局部毒性的自由基时,红细胞生成更加受损。[7]Weiss G, Goodnough LT. Anemia of chronic disease. N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 10;352(10):1011-23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15758012?tool=bestpractice.com
最后,巨噬细胞的噬红细胞作用增强及细胞因子生成的自由基造成的损伤可能缩短循环红细胞(尤其是寿命即将结束的红细胞)的存活期。[8]Moldawer LL, Marano MA, Wei H, et al. Cachectin/tumor necrosis factor-alpha alters red blood cell kinetics and induces anemia in vivo. FASEB J. 1989 Mar;3(5):1637-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2784116?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Spivak J. Iron and the anemia of chronic disease. Oncology (Williston Park). 2002 Sep;16(9 suppl 10):25-33.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12380952?tool=bestpractice.com