儿童有毒物质的摄入是许多国家正面临的重要问题。然而,国际上对流行病学和疾病谱的研究不如美国。新西兰的死亡率比其他国家要低,但入院率较高。[1]Yates KM. Accidental poisoning in New Zealand. Emerg Med (Fremantle). 2003;15:244-249.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12786646?tool=bestpractice.com
美国毒物中心在 2014 年接到了超过 210 万个关于人类暴露的电话。[2]Mowry JB, Spyker DA, Brooks DE, et al. 2015 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 33rd annual report. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2016;54:924-1109.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28004588?tool=bestpractice.com其中 47.7% 与年龄<6 岁的儿童相关。此年龄阶段儿童死亡人数占总死亡人数的 1.9%。在≤5 岁的儿童中,最常见的有毒摄入物为化妆品/个人护理产品、家用清洁物质、镇痛药、异物/玩具/杂物以及外用制剂。[2]Mowry JB, Spyker DA, Brooks DE, et al. 2015 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 33rd annual report. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2016;54:924-1109.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28004588?tool=bestpractice.com在这个年龄段,导致死亡的主要物质为烟雾/煤气/蒸气、镇痛药、家用清洁物质和抗组胺药。[2]Mowry JB, Spyker DA, Brooks DE, et al. 2015 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 33rd annual report. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2016;54:924-1109.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28004588?tool=bestpractice.com
在世界上其他国家,报告的有毒摄入主要为除草剂、[3]Exner CJ, Ayala GU. Organophosphate and carbamate intoxication in La Paz, Bolivia. J Emerg Med. 2009;36:348-352.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18439788?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Chen YJ, Wu ML, Deng JF, et al. The epidemiology of glyphosate-surfactant herbicide poisoning in Taiwan, 1986-2007: a poison center study. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2009;47:670-677.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19640238?tool=bestpractice.com农药、[3]Exner CJ, Ayala GU. Organophosphate and carbamate intoxication in La Paz, Bolivia. J Emerg Med. 2009;36:348-352.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18439788?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Murali R, Bhalla A, Singh D, Singh S. Acute pesticide poisoning: 15 years experience of a large North-West Indian hospital. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2009;47:35-38.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18608278?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Ghazinour M, Emami H, Richter J, et al. Age and gender differences in the use of various poisoning methods for deliberate parasuicide cases admitted to Loghman hospital in Tehran (2000-2004). Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2009;39:231-239.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19527164?tool=bestpractice.com和烃类。[7]Siddiqui EU, Razzak JA, Naz F, et al. Factors associated with hydrocarbon ingestion in children. J Pak Med Assoc. 2008;58:608-612.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19024131?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Kohli U, Kuttiat VS, Lodha R, et al. Profile of childhood poisoning at a tertiary care centre in North India. Indian J Pediatr. 2008;75:791-794.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18581069?tool=bestpractice.com
巴西一项研究表明,急性药物中毒在女性中最为常见,意外事例在 0 至 9 岁年龄组中最为常见 (51.9%)。[9]Margonato FB, Thomson Z, Paoliello MM. Acute intentional and accidental poisoning with medications in a southern Brazilian city. Cad Saude Publica. 2009;25:849-856.http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-311X2009000400016&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=enhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19347211?tool=bestpractice.com印度西北部一家大型医院中的研究表明,尽管急性农药中毒的发生率在几十年来呈上升趋势,但磷化铝和抗胆碱酯酶造成的死亡率有所下降。[5]Murali R, Bhalla A, Singh D, Singh S. Acute pesticide poisoning: 15 years experience of a large North-West Indian hospital. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2009;47:35-38.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18608278?tool=bestpractice.com在印度北部的另一项研究中,急性中毒最常见的原因是摄入了煤油 (27.9%)、药物 (19.8%) 和杀虫剂 (11.7%)。发生急性中毒的患者大多数 (63.9%) 为 1 到 3 岁患儿。男性比女性多 2 倍,几乎所有 (96.9%) 摄入均具偶然性。[8]Kohli U, Kuttiat VS, Lodha R, et al. Profile of childhood poisoning at a tertiary care centre in North India. Indian J Pediatr. 2008;75:791-794.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18581069?tool=bestpractice.com在巴基斯坦卡拉奇开展的一项研究发现,自 2001 年1月至 2005 年 12 月,煤油 (88%) 是最常摄入的烃类。煤油摄入主要发生在男性 (79%)。大多数儿童 (54%) 年龄在 2 至 5 岁。从社会经济方面看,71%的儿童属于中下阶层。家庭人数较多(3 个或以上兄弟姐妹/家人)的儿童更容易受到影响。[7]Siddiqui EU, Razzak JA, Naz F, et al. Factors associated with hydrocarbon ingestion in children. J Pak Med Assoc. 2008;58:608-612.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19024131?tool=bestpractice.com
玻利维亚拉巴斯一项关于儿童和 13 岁及以上青少年企图自杀选择摄入物的研究表明,在玻利维亚拉巴斯,有机磷农药是年轻人企图自杀导致病死的最常用物质。[3]Exner CJ, Ayala GU. Organophosphate and carbamate intoxication in La Paz, Bolivia. J Emerg Med. 2009;36:348-352.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18439788?tool=bestpractice.com在伊朗德黑兰开展的一项研究中,药物和杀虫剂被发现是各个年龄组(10 岁及以上) 企图自杀时最常用的物质,与性别无关。[6]Ghazinour M, Emami H, Richter J, et al. Age and gender differences in the use of various poisoning methods for deliberate parasuicide cases admitted to Loghman hospital in Tehran (2000-2004). Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2009;39:231-239.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19527164?tool=bestpractice.com