分娩方式选择(剖宫产或臀位阴道分娩)应基于主治医师经验、医院政策、孕妇要求及有无其他并发症情况。分娩时应由经验丰富的高年资产科医师、麻醉师、儿科医生和助产士在场。[24]Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Management of breech presentation. December 2006. http://www.rcog.org.uk (last accessed 16 March 2016).https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/gtg-no-20b-breech-presentation.pdf[25]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Obstetric Practice. Mode of term singleton breech delivery (reaffirmed 2014). ACOG Committee Opinion No. 340. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;108:235-237.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16816088?tool=bestpractice.com分娩过程应持续胎心监护。[24]Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Management of breech presentation. December 2006. http://www.rcog.org.uk (last accessed 16 March 2016).https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/gtg-no-20b-breech-presentation.pdf[25]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Obstetric Practice. Mode of term singleton breech delivery (reaffirmed 2014). ACOG Committee Opinion No. 340. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;108:235-237.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16816088?tool=bestpractice.com
首选择期剖宫产降低围产期死亡率及新生儿并发症发病率:有质量好的证据表明,有计划的剖宫产可显著降低围产期死亡率及新生儿并发症发病率 (RR 0.33, 95 % CI 0.19-0.56)。[29]Hofmeyr GJ, Hannah M, Lawrie TA. Planned caesarean section for term breech delivery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(7):CD000166.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000166.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12917886?tool=bestpractice.com在发达国家,以上结果显著改变了足月持续臀位的处理,几乎所有孕妇选择剖宫产。[46]Roberts CL, Nassar N, Raynes-Greenow CH, et al. Update on the management of term breech deliveries in NSW, Australia. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2003;43:173.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14712980?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
与阴道分娩相比,母亲严重急性并发症的发生率会轻度增高(RR 1.29,95% CI 1.03-1.61),[29]Hofmeyr GJ, Hannah M, Lawrie TA. Planned caesarean section for term breech delivery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(7):CD000166.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000166.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12917886?tool=bestpractice.com包括肺栓塞、[23]Waterstone M, Bewley S, Wolfe C. Incidence and predictors of severe obstetric morbidity: case-control study. BMJ. 2001;322:1089-1093.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11337436?tool=bestpractice.com感染、[47]Yokoe DS, Christiansen CL, Johnson R, et al. Epidemiology of and surveillance for postpartum infections. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7:837-841.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11747696?tool=bestpractice.com[48]van Ham MA, van Dongen PW, Mulder J. Maternal consequences of caesarean section. A retrospective study of intra-operative and postoperative maternal complications of caesarean section during a 10-year period. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1997;74:1-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9243191?tool=bestpractice.com 出血、[23]Waterstone M, Bewley S, Wolfe C. Incidence and predictors of severe obstetric morbidity: case-control study. BMJ. 2001;322:1089-1093.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11337436?tool=bestpractice.com[48]van Ham MA, van Dongen PW, Mulder J. Maternal consequences of caesarean section. A retrospective study of intra-operative and postoperative maternal complications of caesarean section during a 10-year period. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1997;74:1-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9243191?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Murphy DJ, Liebling RE, Verity L, et al. Early maternal and neonatal morbidity associated with operative delivery in second stage of labour: a cohort study. Lancet. 2001;358:1203-1207.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11675055?tool=bestpractice.com膀胱和肠道损伤、[50]Lydon-Rochelle MT, Holt VL, Martin DP. Delivery method and self-reported postpartum general health status among primiparous women. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2001;15:232-240.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11489150?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Wilson PD, Herbison RM, Herbison GP. Obstetric practice and the prevalence of urinary incontinence three months after delivery. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1996;103:154-161.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8616133?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Persson J, Wolner-Hanssen P, Rydhstroem H. Obstetric risk factors for stress urinary incontinence: a population-based study. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;96:440-445.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10960639?tool=bestpractice.com[53]MacLennan AH, Taylor AW, Wilson DH, et al. The prevalence of pelvic disorders and their relationship to gender, age, parity and mode of delivery. BJOG. 2000;170:1460-1470.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11192101?tool=bestpractice.com产后恢复减慢、[54]Lydon-Rochelle M, Holt VL, Martin DP, et al. Association between method of delivery and maternal rehospitalisation. JAMA. 2000;283:2411-2416.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10815084?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Thompson JF, Roberts CL, Currie M, et al. Prevalence and persistence of health problems after childbirth: associations with parity and method of birth. Birth. 2002;29:83-94.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12051189?tool=bestpractice.com住院时间延长[56]Laws PJ, Abeywardana S, Walker J, et al. Australia's mothers and babies 2005. Sydney: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2007. AIHW Cat No. PER 40; Perinatal statistics series No. 20.以及母儿接触和哺乳延迟。[57]Mutryn CS. Psychosocial impact of cesarean section on the family: a literature review. Soc Sci Med. 1993;37:1271-1281.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8272905?tool=bestpractice.com[58]DiMatteo MR, Morton SC, Lepper HS, et al. Cesarean childbirth and psychosocial outcomes: a meta-analysis. Health Psychol. 1996;15:303-314.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8818678?tool=bestpractice.com
长期风险包括对未来生产的潜在影响、[59]Greene R, Gardeit F, Turner MJ. Long-term implications of cesarean section. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997;176:254-255.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9024123?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Coughlan C, Kearney R, Turner MJ. What are the implications for the next delivery in primigravidae who have an elective caesarean section for breech presentation? BJOG. 2002;109:624-626.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12118638?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Hemminki E, Merilainen J. Long-term effects of cesarean sections: ectopic pregnancies and placental problems. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;174:1569-1574.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9065131?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Gilliam M, Rosenberg D, Davis F. The likelihood of placenta previa with greater number of cesarean deliveries and higher parity. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;99:976-980.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12052584?tool=bestpractice.com 再次剖宫产风险增加、[60]Coughlan C, Kearney R, Turner MJ. What are the implications for the next delivery in primigravidae who have an elective caesarean section for breech presentation? BJOG. 2002;109:624-626.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12118638?tool=bestpractice.com不孕、[61]Hemminki E, Merilainen J. Long-term effects of cesarean sections: ectopic pregnancies and placental problems. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;174:1569-1574.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9065131?tool=bestpractice.com子宫破裂、[61]Hemminki E, Merilainen J. Long-term effects of cesarean sections: ectopic pregnancies and placental problems. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;174:1569-1574.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9065131?tool=bestpractice.com胎盘植入、[60]Coughlan C, Kearney R, Turner MJ. What are the implications for the next delivery in primigravidae who have an elective caesarean section for breech presentation? BJOG. 2002;109:624-626.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12118638?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Gilliam M, Rosenberg D, Davis F. The likelihood of placenta previa with greater number of cesarean deliveries and higher parity. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;99:976-980.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12052584?tool=bestpractice.com胎盘早剥[61]Hemminki E, Merilainen J. Long-term effects of cesarean sections: ectopic pregnancies and placental problems. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;174:1569-1574.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9065131?tool=bestpractice.com及急诊子宫切除术。[59]Greene R, Gardeit F, Turner MJ. Long-term implications of cesarean section. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997;176:254-255.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9024123?tool=bestpractice.com
尽管择期剖宫产对胎儿更加安全,但仍会增加新生儿呼吸窘迫风险。新生儿并发症发病率:一项质量不好的证据指出,在提高5分钟Apgar评分,降低新生儿插管率,或降低早产儿颅内出血率方面,择期剖宫产(elective caesarean delivery)不比选择性剖宫产(selective caesarean delivery)更有效。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。39周时行剖宫产术可降低这一风险。[63]Morrison JJ, Rennie JM, Milton PJ. Neonatal respiratory morbidity and mode of delivery at term: influence of timing of elective caesarean section. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1995;102:101-106.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7756199?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Annibale DJ, Hulsey TC, Wagner CL, et al. Comparative neonatal morbidity of abdominal and vaginal deliveries after uncomplicated pregnancies. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1995;149:862-867.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7633538?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Hook B, Kiwi R, Amini SB, et al. Neonatal morbidity after elective repeat cesarean section and trial of labor. Pediatrics. 1997;100:348-353.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9282704?tool=bestpractice.com
生产时未诊断的臀位一般会导致临产后剖宫产,增加急诊剖宫产和与此相关的最不有利的孕妇结局,增加脐带脱垂和新生儿结局不良风险。[23]Waterstone M, Bewley S, Wolfe C. Incidence and predictors of severe obstetric morbidity: case-control study. BMJ. 2001;322:1089-1093.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11337436?tool=bestpractice.com[48]van Ham MA, van Dongen PW, Mulder J. Maternal consequences of caesarean section. A retrospective study of intra-operative and postoperative maternal complications of caesarean section during a 10-year period. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1997;74:1-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9243191?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Nassar N, Roberts CL, Cameron CA, et al. Outcomes of external cephalic version and breech presentation at term: an audit of deliveries at a Sydney tertiary obstetric hospital, 1997-2004. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2006;85:1231-1238.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17068683?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Nwosu EC, Walkinshaw S, Chia P, et al. Undiagnosed breech. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1993;100:531-535.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8334087?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Flamm BL, Ruffini RM. Undetected breech presentation: impact on external version and cesarean rates. Am J Perinatol. 1998;15:287-289.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9643632?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Cockburn J, Foong C, Cockburn P. Undiagnosed breech. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1994;101:648-649.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8043554?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Leung WC, Pun TC, Wong WM. Undiagnosed breech revisited. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1999;106:638-641.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10428517?tool=bestpractice.com