可用于在性交期间预防 HIV 感染的最广泛易得的工具是男用避孕套。男用避孕套可提供高度的保护:持续且正确使用男用避孕套可以将 HIV 传播降低 80% 到 97%。众多研究已表明,女用避孕套是许多女性和男性可接受的方法,对伴侣拒绝使用男用避孕套的女性是宝贵的替代方法。与男用避孕套不同,女用避孕套可以在性交之前一定时间置入,并不依靠同等程度的男性配合来确保其使用成功。
已有多项研究证明,在 HIV 感染风险高的成人中,每天口服抗逆转录病毒药物 (ART) 进行暴露前预防 (pre-exposure prophylaxis, PrEP) 能有效降低 HIV 感染风险。 [
]Is there randomized controlled trial evidence to support the use of antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for preventing HIV in high-risk individuals?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.639/full显示答案 证据显示,口服替诺福韦和恩曲他滨作为预防手段能够有效降低 HIV 感染,并被认为是安全且不良反应很少。[28]Riddell J 4th, Amico KR, Mayer KH. HIV preexposure prophylaxis: a review. JAMA. 2018 Mar 27;319(12):1261-1268.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29584848?tool=bestpractice.com 还有一些数据显示,在接受 PrEP 的患者中出现耐药的几率很低。[29]Delaugerre C, Rodriguez C, Capitant C, et al. Drug resistance among patients who acquired HIV infection in a preexposure prophylaxis trial. AIDS. 2018;32(16):2353-61.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30096070?tool=bestpractice.com 因此,此方法正日益被纳入国际指南中。[30]Desai M, Field N, Grant R, et al. Recent advances in pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV. BMJ. 2017 Dec 11;359:j5011.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6020995/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29229609?tool=bestpractice.com
世界卫生组织的指南强烈建议向艾滋病毒阴性,但却具备艾滋病毒感染重大风险的患者提供含有替诺福韦的 PrEP, 作为综合预防方法的一部分。[31]World Health Organization. Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection: recommendations for a public health approach – second edition, 2016. June 2016 [internet publication].http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/arv/arv-2016/en/
然而,应当注意到,尽管高度依从 PrEP,但仍有一例替诺福韦敏感、恩曲他滨耐药的HIV感染病例报道。[33]Cohen SE, Sachdev D, Lee SA, et al. Acquisition of tenofovir-susceptible, emtricitabine-resistant HIV despite high adherence to daily pre-exposure prophylaxis: a case report. Lancet HIV. 2018 Nov 29. pii: S2352-3018(18)30288-1.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30503324?tool=bestpractice.com
[34]The BMJ 10-minute consultation: HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)
对于 MSM 中性接触较少的人群,可考虑在性交期间(按需)接受 PrEP,而不是每天都接受 PrEP。[35]Saag MS, Benson CA, Gandhi RT, et al. Antiretroviral drugs for treatment and prevention of HIV infection in adults: 2018 recommendations of the International Antiviral Society-USA Panel. JAMA. 2018 Jul 24;320(4):379-96.https://www.iasusa.org/content/antiretroviral-drugs-treatment-and-prevention-hiv-infection-adults-2018-recommendationshttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30043070?tool=bestpractice.com 在澳大利亚,PrEP 的应用使得 MSM 人群中 HIV 新感染人数迅速减少。[36]Grulich AE, Guy R, Amin J, et al. Population-level effectiveness of rapid, targeted, high-coverage roll-out of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis in men who have sex with men: the EPIC-NSW prospective cohort study. Lancet HIV. 17 Oct 2018 [Epub ahead of print].https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanhiv/article/PIIS2352-3018(18)30215-7/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30343026?tool=bestpractice.com 但是,MSM 人群中 PrEP 使用的迅速增长也导致避孕套的持续使用呈同样迅速的下降。[37]Holt M, Lea T, Mao L, et al. Community-level changes in condom use and uptake of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis by gay and bisexual men in Melbourne and Sydney, Australia: results of repeated behavioural surveillance in 2013-17. Lancet HIV. 2018 Aug;5(8):e448-56.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29885813?tool=bestpractice.com
有数据表明,对 HIV 阳性者进行治疗能显著降低 HIV 阴性伴侣的 HIV 传播风险。[38]Anglemyer A, Rutherford GW, Horvath T, et al. Antiretroviral therapy for prevention of HIV transmission in HIV-discordant couples. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(4):CD009153.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009153.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23633367?tool=bestpractice.com对于 HIV 血清状态不一致的夫妻,为预防 HIV 传播,推荐立即对 HIV 阳性配偶启动 ART。[38]Anglemyer A, Rutherford GW, Horvath T, et al. Antiretroviral therapy for prevention of HIV transmission in HIV-discordant couples. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(4):CD009153.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009153.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23633367?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Department of Health and Human Services Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents. October 2018 [internet publication].https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adultandadolescentgl.pdf [
]Does antiretroviral therapy prevent HIV transmission in HIV-discordant couples?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.534/full显示答案 几项大型研究表明,抗逆转录病毒疗法可以预防 HIV 在病毒载量低于检测限的异性夫妇和 MSM 人群中的传播。[40]Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, et al. Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med. 2011 Aug 11;365(6):493-505.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1105243#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21767103?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Rodger AJ, Cambiano V, Bruun T, et al; PARTNER Study Group. Sexual activity without condoms and risk of HIV transmission in serodifferent couples when the HIV-positive partner is using suppressive antiretroviral therapy. JAMA. 2016 Jul 12;316(2):171-81.https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2533066http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27404185?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Bavinton BR, Pinto AN, Phanuphak N, et al; Opposites Attract Study Group. Viral suppression and HIV transmission in serodiscordant male couples: an international, prospective, observational, cohort study. Lancet HIV. 2018 Aug;5(8):e438-47.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30025681?tool=bestpractice.com[43]PARTNER Study Group. HIV transmission risk through condomless sex in gay couples with suppressive ART: the PARTNER2 Study extended results in gay men. 2018 [internet publication].https://programme.aids2018.org/PAGMaterial/PPT/6213_8403/WEAX0104LB_RODGER_PARTNER2_AIDS2018%20.pdf 鉴于这一证据,Prevention Access Campaign 发布了一项共识声明指出,对于接受抗逆转录病毒疗法并在其血液中至少 6 个月无法检测到病毒载量的 HIV 感染者,其传播 HIV 的风险可以忽略为不存在 HIV。Prevention Access Campaign: consensus statement
在非洲不同地区进行的若干横断面研究和随机对照试验发现,男性包皮环切术对于预防 HIV 感染和 STD 获得方面有效,有证据表明包皮环切的男性 HIV 获得性感染率下降。[44]Gray RH, Kigozi G, Serwadda D, et al. Male circumcision for HIV prevention in men in Rakai, Uganda: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2007 Feb 24;369(9562):657-66.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17321311?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Bailey RC, Moses S, Parker CB, et al. Male circumcision for HIV prevention in young men in Kisumu, Kenya: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2007 Feb 24;369(9562):643-56.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17321310?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Auvert B, Taljaard D, Lagarde E, et al. Randomized, controlled intervention trial of male circumcision for reduction of HIV infection risk: the ANRS 1265 Trial. PLoS Med. 2005 Nov;2(11):e298.http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0020298http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16231970?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Weiss HA, Quigley MA, Hayes RJ. Male circumcision and risk of HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa: a systemic review and meta-analysis. AIDS. 2000 Oct 20;14(15):2361-70.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11089625?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Tobian AA, Serwadda D, Quinn TC, et al. Male circumcision for the prevention of HSV-2 and HPV infections and syphilis. N Engl J Med. 2009 Mar 26;360(13):1298-309.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0802556#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19321868?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Mills E, Cooper C, Anema A, et al. Male circumcision for the prevention of heterosexually acquired HIV infection: a meta-analysis of randomized trials involving 11,050 men. HIV Med. 2008 Jul;9(6):332-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18705758?tool=bestpractice.com [
]Can circumcision in men prevent homosexual acquisition of HIV?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.568/full显示答案
有令人信服的证据表明在美沙酮门诊(其中 HIV 传播风险与共用静脉给药器械有关)更换针头和提供清洁注射器是有益的(称为“危害降低”)。此外,提供无 HIV 的血液和血液制品、使用消毒针头和注射器进行注射以及在医院中进行的普遍预防措施已大大降低了 HIV 的院内传播。[50]Delany-Moretlwe S, Gray G, Kagee A, et al. AIDS prevention in South Africa. South Afr J HIV Med. 2006;23:13-7.
尽管进行了大量的研究和临床试验,但是尚未发现可预防和控制 HIV 的有效疫苗。[51]Rubens M, Ramamoorthy V, Saxena A, et al. HIV vaccine: recent advances, current roadblocks, and future directions. J Immunol Res. 2015;2015:560347.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4633685/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26579546?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Leal L, Lucero C, Gatell JM, et al. New challenges in therapeutic vaccines against HIV infection. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2017 Jun;16(6):587-600.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28431490?tool=bestpractice.com 长效注射用 PrEP 的临床试验正在进行中,可能解决依从性问题,对于某些 HIV 人群,可能是重要的预防干预措施。[53]Marshall BDL, Goedel WC, King MRF, et al. Potential effectiveness of long-acting injectable pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men: a modelling study. Lancet HIV. 2018 Jun 13 [Epub ahead of print].http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29908917?tool=bestpractice.com