为了预防后续过敏反应的发生,应明确鉴定和避免致病变应原。患者和监护人的意识与教育至关重要。[104]Kastner M, Harada L, Waserman S. Gaps in anaphylaxis management at the level of physicians, patients, and the community: a systematic review of the literature. Allergy. 2010;65:435-444.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20028373?tool=bestpractice.com
对食物过敏而言,意识包括认真注意食物说明书、谨慎食用外卖食物和餐厅食物以及营造一个无变应原环境。许多工业化国家强制要求所有食物上粘贴详细标签。餐厅常会详细说明特殊的添加剂和成分。这是有用的,因为,即使痕量的变应原也足以触发一次全面的过敏发作。
在乳胶过敏患者中,外科或牙科手术中有必要避免使用乳胶产品。[105]Mertes PM, Malinovsky JM, Jouffroy L, et al. Reducing the risk of anaphylaxis during anesthesia: 2011 updated guidelines for clinical practice. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2011;21:442-453.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21995177?tool=bestpractice.com药物过敏需要在病历中书写警告并配戴一个 MedicAlert-型腕带或项圈。必须同时考虑可能的交叉反应。
预防昆虫叮咬对过敏患者至关重要。对于昆虫叮咬后经历过重度全身反应并且对毒液变应原有特异性 IgE 的患者,推荐使用毒液免疫疗法。[106]Golden DB, Demain J, Freeman T, et al. Stinging insect hypersensitivity: a practice parameter update 2016. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2017;118:28-54.http://www.annallergy.org/article/S1081-1206(16)31270-4/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28007086?tool=bestpractice.com
在任何严重过敏反应发作后,必须对所有这些患者开具 2 支肾上腺素自动注射器的处方。[6]Lieberman P, Nicklas RA, Randolph C, et al. Anaphylaxis: a practice parameter update 2015. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2015;115:341-384.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26505932?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Adrenaline auto-injectors: updated advice after European review. August 2017. https://www.gov.uk (last accessed 18 August 2017).https://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/adrenaline-auto-injectors-updated-advice-after-european-review患者或照护者应随时携带这 2 支注射器,并熟悉如何使用。[63]Sicherer SH, Simons FE. Epinephrine for first-aid management of anaphylaxis. Pediatrics. 2017;139:e20164006.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/139/3/e20164006.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28193791?tool=bestpractice.com对于有严重过敏反应风险的儿童,应开具肾上腺素自动注射器处方,并提供个体化的书面急救计划。[63]Sicherer SH, Simons FE. Epinephrine for first-aid management of anaphylaxis. Pediatrics. 2017;139:e20164006.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/139/3/e20164006.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28193791?tool=bestpractice.com[72]Wang J, Sicherer SH. Guidance on completing a written allergy and anaphylaxis emergency plan. Pediatrics. 2017;139: e20164005.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/139/3/e20164005.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28193793?tool=bestpractice.comAmerican Academy of Pediatrics: allergy and anaphylaxis emergency plan