基于患者体内巨噬细胞和 T 细胞功能的最新研究结果构建发病机制的模型。[27]Desnues B, Ihrig M, Raoult D, et al. Whipple's disease: a macrophage disease. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2006;13:170-178.http://cvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/13/2/170http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16467322?tool=bestpractice.comWhipple 病患者的巨噬细胞降解细胞内病原体的能力持续降低,[28]Bai JC, Sen L, Diez R, et al. Impaired monocyte function in patients successfully treated for Whipple's disease. Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam. 1996;26:85-89.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9137662?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Lukacs G, Dobi S, Szabo M. A case of Whipple's disease with repeated operations for ileus and complete cure. Acta Hepatogastroenterol (Stuttg). 1978;25:238-242.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/78655?tool=bestpractice.com且细菌可阻止吞噬体的形成。[30]Ghigo E, Capo C, Aurouze M, et al. Survival of Tropheryma whipplei, the agent of Whipple's disease, requires phagosome acidification. Infect Immun. 2002;70:1501-1506.http://iai.asm.org/cgi/content/full/70/3/1501http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11854238?tool=bestpractice.com单核细胞产生白介素 (IL)-12减少,血清IL-12p40 水平低以及 CD11b 表达下调进一步表明巨噬细胞功能受损。[31]Marth T, Roux M, von Herbay A, et al. Persistent reduction of complement receptor 3 alpha-chain expressing mononuclear blood cells and transient inhibitory serum factors in Whipple's disease. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1994;72:217-226.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7519533?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Ectors N, Geboes K, De Vos R, et al. Whipple's disease: a histological, immunocytochemical and electronmicroscopic study of the immune response in the small intestinal mucosa. Histopathology. 1992;21:1-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1378814?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Kalt A, Schneider T, Ring S, et al. Decreased levels of interleukin-12p40 in the serum of patients with Whipple's disease. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2006;21:114-120.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15875203?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Marth T, Neurath M, Cuccherini BA, et al. Defects of monocyte interleukin 12 production and humoral immunity in Whipple's disease. Gastroenterology. 1997;113:442-448.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9247462?tool=bestpractice.com肠道巨噬细胞显示出一种可替代的活化表型。[35]Desnues B, Lepidi H, Raoult D, et al. Whipple disease: intestinal infiltrating cells exhibit a transcriptional pattern of M2/alternatively activated macrophages. J Infect Dis. 2005;192:1642-1646.http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/192/9/1642.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16206080?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Moos V, Schmidt C, Geelhaar A, et al. Impaired immune functions of monocytes and macrophages in Whipple's disease. Gastroenterology. 2010;138:210-220.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19664628?tool=bestpractice.com结果,入侵的细菌被吞噬,但没被肠道巨噬细胞杀死。
此外,在患者身上,肠道外周和黏膜固有层的1 型辅助 T 细胞 (Th1) 活性低下。[37]Marth T, Kleen N, Stallmach A, et al. Dysregulated peripheral and mucosal Th1/Th2 response in Whipple's disease. Gastroenterology. 2002;123:1468-1477.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12404221?tool=bestpractice.com
肠道外周和黏膜上的T whipplei特异性 Th1 细胞数量减少或缺失。[25]Moos V, Kunkel D, Marth T, et al. Reduced peripheral and mucosal Tropheryma whipplei-specific Th1 response in patients with Whipple's disease. J Immunol. 2006;177:2015-2022.http://www.jimmunol.org/cgi/content/full/177/3/2015http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16849516?tool=bestpractice.com相反,外周和黏膜淋巴细胞的功能性 Th2反应增加,[37]Marth T, Kleen N, Stallmach A, et al. Dysregulated peripheral and mucosal Th1/Th2 response in Whipple's disease. Gastroenterology. 2002;123:1468-1477.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12404221?tool=bestpractice.com与所观察到的T whipplei在被 IL-4 和 IL-10去活性巨噬细胞中复制相吻合。[38]Schoedon G, Goldenberger D, Forrer R, et al. Deactivation of macrophages with interleukin-4 is the key to the isolation of Tropheryma whippelii. J Infect Dis. 1997;176:672-677.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9291314?tool=bestpractice.com
T whipplei免疫清除功能受损的结果是T whipplei 在以肠道粘膜为主的巨噬细胞内大量累积,并经过碘酸希夫染色可见。虽然主要影响到胃肠道,但也不可忽视单纯的中枢神经系统 (CNS) 疾病,感染性心内膜炎和关节疾病是Whipple 病的临床表现。虽然罕见,但是也可能出现皮下小结,[39]Friedmann AC, Perera GK, Jayaprakasam A, et al. Whipple's disease presenting with symmetrical panniculitis. Br J Dermatol. 2004;151:907-911.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15491437?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Tarroch X, Vives P, Salas A, et al. Subcutaneous nodules in Whipple's disease. J Cutan Pathol. 2001;28:368-370.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11437943?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Helliwell TR, Appleton RE, Mapstone NC, et al. Dermatomyositis and Whipple's disease. Neuromuscul Disord. 2000;10:46-51.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10677863?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Kwee D, Fields JP, King LE Jr. Subcutaneous Whipple's disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1987;16:188-190.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2434537?tool=bestpractice.com并且早期临床表现同样可在肺、[43]Cho C, Linscheer WG, Hirschkorn MA, et al. Sarcoidlike granulomas as an early manifestation of Whipple's disease. Gastroenterology. 1984;87:941-947.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6205935?tool=bestpractice.com肝[44]Viteri AL, Stinson JC, Barnes MC, et al. Rod-shaped organism in the liver of a patient with Whipple's disease. Dig Dis Sci. 1979;24:560-564.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/88317?tool=bestpractice.com或肌肉中检测到。[45]Puget M, Iwaz J, Tristan A, et al. Whipple's disease with muscle impairment. Muscle Nerve. 2006;34:794-798.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16967496?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Misbah SA, Stirzaker D, Ozols B, et al. Anonymous survey of blood donors by polymerase chain reaction for Tropheryma whippelii. QJM. 1999;92:61.http://qjmed.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/92/1/61http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10209674?tool=bestpractice.com