成人哮喘

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Dweik RA, Boggs PB, Erzurum SC, et al. An official ATS clinical practice guideline: interpretation of exhaled nitric oxide levels (FENO) for clinical applications. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184:602-615.

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Joos S, Miksch A, Szecsenyi J, et al. Montelukast as add-on therapy to inhaled corticosteroids in the treatment of mild to moderate asthma: a systematic review. Thorax. 2008;63:453-462.

• 摘要

Rodrigo GJ, Moral VP, Marcos LG, et al. Safety of regular use of long-acting beta agonists as monotherapy or added to inhaled corticosteroids in asthma. A systematic review. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2009;22:9-19.

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Peters SP, Kunselman SJ, Icitovic N, et al. Tiotropium bromide step-up therapy for adults with uncontrolled asthma. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:1715-1726.

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• 摘要

Rodrigo GJ, Neffen H, Castro-Rodriguez JA. Efficacy and safety of subcutaneous omalizumab vs placebo as add-on therapy to corticosteroids for children and adults with asthma: a systematic review. Chest. 2011;139:28-35.

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• 摘要

Chauhan BF, Ducharme FM. Anti-leukotriene agents compared to inhaled corticosteroids in the management of recurrent and/or chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(5):CD002314.

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• 摘要

Chauhan BF, Ducharme FM. Addition to inhaled corticosteroids of long-acting beta2-agonists versus anti-leukotrienes for chronic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(1):CD003137.

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• 摘要

Masoli M, Weatherall M, Holt S, et al. Inhaled fluticasone propionate and adrenal effects in adult asthma: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J. 2006 Nov;28(5):960-7.

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• 摘要

Ortega HG, Liu MC, Pavord ID, et al; MENSA Investigators. Mepolizumab treatment in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:1198-1207.

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• 摘要

Corren J, Lemanske RF, Hanania NA, et al. Lebrikizumab treatment in adults with asthma. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:1088-1098.

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1.  National Institutes of Health; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. Expert panel report 3: Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. August 2007. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/ (last accessed 11 October 2016).

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2.  Braman SS. The global burden of asthma. Chest. 2006 Jul;130(1 Suppl):4S-12S.

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3.  Moorman JE, Akinbami LJ, Bailey CM, et al. National surveillance of asthma: United States, 2001-2010. Vital Health Stat 3. 2012;35:1-67.

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4.  Masoli M, Fabian D, Holt S, et al; Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) Program. The global burden of asthma: executive summary of the GINA Dissemination Committee report. Allergy. 2004;59:469-478.

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5.  Ober C, Hoffjan S. Asthma genetics 2006: the long and winding road to gene discovery. Genes Immun. 2006;7:95-100.

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6.  Holgate ST, Yang Y, Haitchi HM, et al. The genetics of asthma: ADAM33 as an example of a susceptibility gene. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2006;3:440-443.

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7.  Gao J, Shan G, Sun B, et al. Association between polymorphism of tumour necrosis factor alpha-308 gene promoter and asthma: a meta-analysis. Thorax. 2006;61:466-471.

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8.  Ober C. HLA-G: an asthma gene on chromosome 6p. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2005;25:669-679.

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9.  Holgate ST, Davies DE, Powell RM, et al. ADAM33: a newly identified gene in the pathogenesis of asthma. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2005;25:655-668.

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10.  Zimmermann N, King NE, Laporte J, et al. Dissection of experimental asthma with DNA microarray analysis identifies arginase in asthma pathogenesis. J Clin Invest. 2003;111:1863-1874.

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11.  Vercelli D. Genetic polymorphism in allergy and asthma. Curr Opin Immunol. 2003;15:609-613.

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12.  Shin HD, Kim LH, Park BL, et al. Association of Eotaxin gene family with asthma and serum total IgE. Hum Mol Genet. 2003;12:1279-1285.

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13.  Sayers I, Barton S, Rorke S, et al. Promoter polymorphism in the 5-lipoxygenase (ALOX5) and 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (ALOX5AP) genes and asthma susceptibility in a Caucasian population. Clin Exp Allergy. 2003;33:1103-1110.

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14.  Howard TD, Postma DS, Jongepier H, et al. Association of a disintegrin and metalloprotease 33 (ADAM33) gene with asthma in ethnically diverse populations. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;112:717-722.

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15.  Tsai HJ, Shaikh N, Kho JY, et al. Beta 2-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms: pharmacogenetic response to bronchodilator among African American asthmatics. Hum Genet. 2006;119:547-557.

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16.  Singh AM, Busse WW. Asthma exacerbations. 2: Aetiology. Thorax. 2006;61:809-816.

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17.  Wark PA, Gibson PG. Asthma exacerbations. 3: Pathogenesis. Thorax. 2006;61:909-915.

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18.  Velissariou IM, Papadopoulos NG. The role of respiratory viruses in the pathogenesis of pediatric asthma. Pediatr Ann. 2006;35:637-642.

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19.  Phipatanakul W. Environmental factors and childhood asthma. Pediatr Ann. 2006;35:646-656.

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20.  Oliver BG, Johnston SL, Baraket M, et al. Increased proinflammatory responses from asthmatic human airway smooth muscle cells in response to rhinovirus infection. Respir Res. 2006;7:71.

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21.  Blakey J, Halapi E, Bjornsdottir US, et al. Contribution of ADAM33 polymorphisms to the population risk of asthma. Thorax. 2005;60:274-276.

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22.  Holgate ST, Davies DE, Rorke S, et al. ADAM 33 and its association with airway remodeling and hyperresponsiveness in asthma. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2004;27:23-34.

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23.  Raby BA, Silverman EK, Kwiatkowski DJ, et al. ADAM33 polymorphisms and phenotype associations in childhood asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;113:1071-1078.

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24.  Halapi E, Hakonarson H. Recent development in genomic and proteomic research for asthma. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2004;10:22-30.

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25.  Holgate ST, Davies DE, Murphy G, et al. ADAM 33: just another asthma gene or a breakthrough in understanding the origins of bronchial hyperresponsiveness? Thorax. 2003;58:466-469.

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26.  Shapiro SD, Owen CA. ADAM-33 surfaces as an asthma gene. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:936-938.

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27.  Meurer JR, Lustig JV, Jacob HJ. Genetic aspects of the etiology and treatment of asthma. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2006;53:715-725.

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28.  Lilly CM. Diversity of asthma: evolving concepts of pathophysiology and lessons from genetics. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115(4 Suppl):S526-S531.

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29.  Raby BA, Silverman EK, Lazarus R, et al. Chromosome 12q harbors multiple genetic loci related to asthma and asthma-related phenotypes. Hum Mol Genet. 2003;12:1973-1979.

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30.  Aoki T, Hirota T, Tamari M, et al. An association between asthma and TNF-308G/A polymorphism: meta-analysis. J Hum Genet. 2006;51:677-685.

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31.  Di Somma C, Charron D, Deichmann K, et al. Atopic asthma and TNF-308 alleles: linkage disequilibrium and association analyses. Hum Immunol. 2003;64:359-365.

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32.  See KC, Phua J, Lim TK. Trigger factors in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a single-centre cross-sectional study. Singapore Med J. 2015 Nov 25 [Epub ahead of print].

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33.  Chung KF, Wenzel SE, Brozek JL, et al. International ERS/ATS guidelines on definition, evaluation and treatment of severe asthma. Eur Respir J. 2014;43:343-373.

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34.  van der Wiel E, ten Hacken NH, Postma DS, et al. Small-airways dysfunction associates with respiratory symptoms and clinical features of asthma: a systematic review. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;131:646-657.

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35.  Ballow M. Biologic immune modifiers: trials and tribulations - are we there yet? J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;118:1209-1215.

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36.  Boyce JA. Asthma 2005-2006: bench to bedside. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;118:582-586.

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37.  Cockcroft DW, Davis BE. Mechanisms of airway hyperresponsiveness. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;118:551-559.

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38.  Zeitz HJ. Bronchial asthma, nasal polyps, and aspirin sensitivity: Samter's syndrome. Clin Chest Med. 1988;9:567-576.

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39.  Shore SA. Obesity and asthma: possible mechanisms. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;121:1087-1093.

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40.  King GG, Brown NJ, Diba C, et al. The effects of body weight on airway calibre. Eur Respir J. 2005;25:896-901.

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41.  Mastronarde JG, Anthonisen NR, Castro M, et al. Efficacy of esomeprazole for treatment of poorly controlled asthma. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1487-1499.

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42.  Cockcroft DD. Direct and indirect challenges in the clinical assessment of asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2009;103:363-369.

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43.  Dweik RA, Boggs PB, Erzurum SC, et al. An official ATS clinical practice guideline: interpretation of exhaled nitric oxide levels (FENO) for clinical applications. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184:602-615.

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44.  Powell H, Murphy VE, Taylor DR, et al. Management of asthma in pregnancy guided by measurement of fraction of exhaled nitric oxide: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;378:983-990.

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45.  Honkoop PJ, Loijmans RJ, Termeer EH, et al; Asthma Control Cost-Utility Randomized Trial Evaluation (ACCURATE) Study Group. Symptom-and fraction of exhaled nitric oxide-driven strategies for asthma control: a cluster-randomized trial in primary care. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;135:682-688.e11.

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46.  British Thoracic Society; Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British guideline on the management of asthma: a national clinical guideline. September 2016 [internet publication].

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47.  Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2019 report. 2019 [internet publication].

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48.  Jackson H, Hubbard R. Detecting chronic obstructive pulmonary disease using peak flow rate: cross sectional survey. BMJ. 2003 Sep 20;327(7416):653-4.

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49.  Carden KA, Boiselle PM, Waltz DA, et al. Tracheomalacia and tracheobronchomalacia in children and adults. An in-depth review. Chest. 2005;127:984-1005.

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50.  Reddel HK, Taylor DR, Bateman ED, et al. An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: asthma control and exacerbations: standardizing endpoints for clinical asthma trials and clinical practice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;180:59-99.

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51.  Ahmad S, Kew KM, Normansell R. Stopping long-acting beta2-agonists (LABA) for adults with asthma well controlled by LABA and inhaled corticosteroids. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(6):CD011306.

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52.  Passalacqua G, Durham SR. Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma update: allergen immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119:881-891.

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53.  Lin SY, Erekosima N, Kim JM, et al. Sublingual immunotherapy for the treatment of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma: a systematic review. JAMA. 2013;309:1278-1288.

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54.  Chong J, Haran C, Chauhan BF, et al. Intermittent inhaled corticosteroid therapy versus placebo for persistent asthma in children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(7):CD011032.

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55.  Joos S, Miksch A, Szecsenyi J, et al. Montelukast as add-on therapy to inhaled corticosteroids in the treatment of mild to moderate asthma: a systematic review. Thorax. 2008;63:453-462.

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56.  Rodrigo GJ, Moral VP, Marcos LG, et al. Safety of regular use of long-acting beta agonists as monotherapy or added to inhaled corticosteroids in asthma. A systematic review. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2009;22:9-19.

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57.  Cates CJ, Karner C. Combination formoterol and budesonide as maintenance and reliever therapy versus current best practice (including inhaled steroid maintenance), for chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(4):CD007313.

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58.  Peters SP, Kunselman SJ, Icitovic N, et al. Tiotropium bromide step-up therapy for adults with uncontrolled asthma. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:1715-1726.

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59.  Anderson DE, Kew KM, Boyter AC. Long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) versus the same dose of ICS alone for adults with asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(8):CD011397.

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60.  Rodrigo GJ, Castro-Rodríguez JA. What is the role of tiotropium in asthma?: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Chest. 2015;147:388-396.

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61.  Kerstjens HA, Engel M, Dahl R, et al. Tiotropium in asthma poorly controlled with standard combination therapy. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:1198-1207.

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62.  Rodrigo GJ, Neffen H, Castro-Rodriguez JA. Efficacy and safety of subcutaneous omalizumab vs placebo as add-on therapy to corticosteroids for children and adults with asthma: a systematic review. Chest. 2011;139:28-35.

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63.  Bardelas J, Figliomeni M, Kianifard F, et al. A 26-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study to evaluate the effect of omalizumab on asthma control in patients with persistent allergic asthma. J Asthma. 2012;49:144-152.

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64.  Hanania NA, Alpan O, Hamilos DL, et al. Omalizumab in severe allergic asthma inadequately controlled with standard therapy: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154:573-582.

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65.  Norman G, Faria R, Paton F, et al. Omalizumab for the treatment of severe persistent allergic asthma: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2013;17:1-342.

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66.  Hambly N, Nair P. Monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of refractory asthma. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2014;20:87-94.

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67.  Laviolette M, Gossage DL, Gauvreau G, et al. Effects of benralizumab on airway eosinophils in asthmatic patients with sputum eosinophilia. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;132:1086-1096.e5.

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68.  Lasserson TJ, Cates CJ, Lasserson EH, et al. Fluticasone versus 'extrafine' HFA beclomethasone dipropionate for chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(2):CD005309.

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69.  Cates CJ, Welsh EJ, Rowe BH. Holding chambers (spacers) versus nebulisers for beta-agonist treatment of acute asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(9):CD000052.

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70.  Chauhan BF, Ducharme FM. Anti-leukotriene agents compared to inhaled corticosteroids in the management of recurrent and/or chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(5):CD002314.

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71.  Chauhan BF, Ducharme FM. Addition to inhaled corticosteroids of long-acting beta2-agonists versus anti-leukotrienes for chronic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(1):CD003137.

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72.  Tee AK, Koh MS, Gibson PG, et al. Long-acting beta2-agonists versus theophylline for maintenance treatment of asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(3):CD001281.

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73.  American Lung Association Asthma Clinical Research Centers. Clinical trial of low-dose theophylline and montelukast in patients with poorly controlled asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175:235-242.

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74.  Masoli M, Weatherall M, Holt S, et al. Inhaled fluticasone propionate and adrenal effects in adult asthma: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J. 2006 Nov;28(5):960-7.

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75.  Lipworth BJ, Kaliner MA, LaForce CF, et al. Effect of ciclesonide and fluticasone on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in adults with mild-to-moderate persistent asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2005;94:465-472.

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76.  Chipps BE, Figliomeni M, Spector S. Omalizumab: an update on efficacy and safety in moderate-to-severe allergic asthma. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2012;33:377-385.

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77.  Wenzel S, Ford L, Pearlman D, et al. Dupilumab in persistent asthma with elevated eosinophil levels. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:2455-2466.

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78.  Piper E, Brightling C, Niven R, et al. A phase II placebo-controlled study of tralokinumab in moderate-to-severe asthma. Eur Respir J. 2013;41:330-338.

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79.  Tourangeau LM, Kavanaugh A, Wasserman SI. The role of monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of severe asthma. Ther Adv Resp Dis. 2011;5:183-194.

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80.  Pavord ID, Korn S, Howarth P, et al. Mepolizumab for severe eosinophilic asthma (DREAM): a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2012;380:651-659.

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81.  Liu Y, Zhang S, Li DW, et al. Efficacy of anti-interleukin-5 therapy with mepolizumab in patients with asthma: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. PLoS One. 2013;8:e59872.

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82.  Bel EH, Wenzel SE, Thompson PJ, et al; SIRIUS Investigators. Oral glucocorticoid-sparing effect of mepolizumab in eosinophilic asthma. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:1189-1197.

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83.  Ortega HG, Liu MC, Pavord ID, et al; MENSA Investigators. Mepolizumab treatment in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:1198-1207.

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84.  Corren J, Lemanske RF, Hanania NA, et al. Lebrikizumab treatment in adults with asthma. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:1088-1098.

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85.  Castro M, Rubin AS, Laviolette M, et al. Effectiveness and safety of bronchial thermoplasty in the treatment of severe asthma: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;181:116-124.

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86.  National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Bronchial thermoplasty for severe asthma. January 2012. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 11 October 2016).

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87.  Wahidi MM, Kraft M. Bronchial thermoplasty for severe asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;185:709-714.

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88.  Torrego A, Solà I, Munoz AM, et al. Bronchial thermoplasty for moderate or severe persistent asthma in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(3):CD009910.

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89.  Sears MR, Greene JM, Willan AR, et al. A longitudinal, population-based, cohort study of childhood asthma followed to adulthood. N Engl J Med 2003;349:1414-1422.

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90.  Phelan PD, Robertson CF, Olinksy A. The Melbourne Asthma Study: 1964-1999. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;109:189-194.

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91.  James AL, Palmer LJ, Kicic E, et al. Decline in lung function in the Busselton Health Study: the effects of asthma and cigarette smoking. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;171:109-114.

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92.  James AL, Wenzel S. Clinical relevance of airway remodelling in airway diseases. Eur Respir J. 2007;30:134-155.

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93.  Bai TR, Vonk JM, Postma DS, et al. Severe exacerbations predict excess lung function decline in asthma. Eur Respir J. 2007;30:452-456.

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94.  Cates CJ, Cates MJ. Regular treatment with salmeterol for chronic asthma: serious adverse events. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(3):CD006363.

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99.  Carlsen KH, Anderson SD, Bjermer L, et al. Treatment of exercise-induced asthma, respiratory and allergic disorders in sports and the relationship to doping: part II of the report from the Joint Task Force of European Respiratory Society (ERS) and European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) in cooperation with GA(2)LEN. Allergy. 2008;63:492-505.

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100.  Thien FC, De Luca S, Woods RK, et al. Dietary marine fatty acids (fish oil) for asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(2):CD001283.

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